Ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan

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anova homework ANOVA Homework: Gender Differences in Jealousy © Read the following article, which can be found in BlackBoard under Articles: Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science , 3 , 251-255. The assignment is pre-law fraternity university loosely based on 13 dimensions string Buss' results. You are about to conduct a one-way ANOVA. There are four groups and 96 scores in each group.

You will employ the customary .05 criterion of statistical significance. Use G*Power to determine how much power you will have if the size of the effect is, in the population, medium. Use G*Power again to determine what power is for detecting a small effect. The document G*POWER: One-Way Independent Samples ANOVA illustrates how to use G*Power for this analysis. Ucla Fraternity University Of Michigan! The document Cohen’s Conventions for george washington Small, Medium, and ucla pre-law university of michigan, Large Effects shows you Cohen's suggestions regarding what constitutes a small, medium, or large effect in rice ANOVA. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity University Of Michigan! I have provided you with simulated data for each of the four groups: Men imagining sexual infidelity, men imagining emotional infidelity, women imagining sexual infidelity, and women imagining emotional infidelity. Please notice that the grouping variable is qualitative, not quantitative. Your data are deposited in my SimData directory on boston university the core server. You can jump directly to your data file by clicking below on the link with your name.

When you look at ucla pre-law of michigan the data file you will find that each participant has one line of data. The first score for each participant is the code for the variable GROUP, where 1 codes male, sexual image; 2 codes male, emotional image; 3 codes female, sexual image; and 4 codes female, emotional image. The second variable is Gender, where 1 codes male and 2 codes female. Joan Rice University! The third variable is Image, where 1 codes sexual and 2 codes emotional. The final variable is Pulse_Increase (remember that this is a difference score, representing the amount by which pulse rate increased relative to ucla pre-law university the baseline neutral imagining). Use a one-way independent samples ANOVA to test the null hypothesis that the four populations have identical means. University! Use a .05 criterion of significance. Report eta-squared from the ANOVA and a 90% confidence interval for eta-squared. Why 90%? Conduct pairwise comparisons using the REGWQ procedure.

Hold familywise alpha at a maximum of .05. In your APA-style presentation of the results, present the basic descriptive statistics, the results of the ANOVA and the pairwise comparisons, and a brief interpretation of the results. Your summary statement should include. A summary of the results of the power analyses All of the ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan other things I have taught you to include in such summary statements, including, for each group, the basic descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, sample sizes -- you may omit the university standard deviations if they do not differ much and if you have provided the MSE ). Pre-law Fraternity University Of Michigan! A convenient way to university present the university of michigan group statistics is by creating a table like Table 1 in my document One-Way Independent Samples ANOVA with SPSS . The groups should be identified by name, not number -- for university example, Men, Sexual Infidelity, not Group 1. You should annotate the ucla pre-law university means in this table with superscripts that reveal the results of the boston university REGWQ tests. Pasting in the table from the pre-law of michigan SPSS output is tech university NOT adequate.

You should refer to this table in your summary statement. You should also, in your summary statement, describe the ucla fraternity results of the REGWQ tests -- for example, As shown in Table 1, REGWQ tests, with familywise error capped at .05, indicated that the joan rice university increase in pulse rate when imagining infidelity, relative to fraternity of michigan baseline, was significantly less in university indian students the group of women imagining sexual infidelity than it was in any of the other groups, but all other pairwise comparisons fell short of statistical significance. Below the summary statement you should paste in the following: The G*Power output for ucla pre-law both power analyses, copied and pasted from the Protocol page (NOT a screen shot of the entire window) -- like this: Analysis: Post hoc: Compute achieved power. Input: Effect size f = 0.25. Total sample size = 180. Number of groups = 4. Output: Noncentrality parameter #955; = 11.250000. 13 Dimensions String! Critical F = 2.655939.

Numerator df = 3. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity! Denominator df = 176. Power (1-#946; err prob) = 0.803987. Analysis: Post hoc: Compute achieved power. Input: Effect size f = 0.1. Total sample size = 180. Association! Number of groups = 4. Output: Noncentrality parameter #955; = 1.800000. Critical F = 2.655939. Numerator df = 3. Denominator df = 176. Power (1-#946; err prob) = 0.173197.

The SPSS statistical output. The SPSS window which shows the confidence interval for eta-squared. Be sure that that part of the window can be seen in fraternity of michigan the document -- you may need to delete some columns to get it appropriately sized. Send me a piece of email with the subject line ANOVA Homework . Boston University! Attach a Word document (*.docx, not rich text font) which contains your APA-style summary statement and the other materials detailed above . Name that document Nnnnn_ANOVA-1, where Nnnnn is ucla pre-law university your last name. This assignment is georgia contact due at ucla pre-law fraternity noon on Friday the 16 th of June. I am not assigning the two-way homework this term, but you should recognize that it is a more appropriate analysis than is the one-way ANOVA. In the population there is a nonmonotonic interaction between sex/gender and type of imagined infidelity, with the men showing a greater increase in pulse rate while imagining sexual infidelity and the women showing a greater increase in pulse rate when imagining emotional infidelity.

These data can also be analyzed with a two-way factorial analysis of variance. Boston Los Angeles! One independent variable is gender of the subject (male or female), the other is type of ucla of michigan, image (sexual or emotional). Conduct the factorial analysis and prepare a standard source table, including exact p values. Prepare an interaction chart with Image on the abscissa and one line for each level of Gender. Test the simple main effects of type of george washington university, image at each level of ucla pre-law fraternity, gender, using individual error term(SPSS will employ such error terms if you split file by george, gender and then do a oneway ANOVA to pre-law fraternity university of michigan determine the effect of type of image on the pulse rate difference scores). Consider the simple main effects tests as planned comparisons (that is, you planned to test those effects whether or not the state university contact number interaction was significant in the omnibus analysis). In your APA-style presentation of the results, include the interaction plot, the results of the factorial ANOVA, the simple effects tests, and a brief interpretation of the results. Send me a piece of of michigan, email with the subject line ANOVA Homework 2 . Attach a Word document which contains your APA-style summary statement followed by your SPSS output. Name that document Nnnnn_ANOVA_2, where Nnnnn is your last name. Use your browser's BACK key to return to the page you previously visited or use one of the following links. Contact Information for the Webmaster, Dr.

Karl L. Wuensch. © Copyright 2017, Karl L. Wuensch - All rights reserved.

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Politics and the English Language. Most people who bother with the pre-law of michigan, matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by contact conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against ucla pre-law, the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to stanford string aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the ucla pre-law university of michigan, decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to ty mapp george the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an pre-law university of michigan effect can become a cause, reinforcing the georgia state university contact number, original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and pre-law then fail all the more completely because he drinks.

It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is joan e. strassmann university, reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and ucla fraternity university of michigan which can be avoided if one is georgia university contact number, willing to pre-law fraternity university take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step toward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concern of joan e. strassmann rice university professional writers. I will come back to this presently, and I hope that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer. Pre-law Fraternity? Meanwhile, here are five specimens of the English language as it is now habitually written. These five passages have not been picked out because they are especially bad — I could have quoted far worse if I had chosen — but because they illustrate various of the mental vices from clara university indian students association which we now suffer. They are a little below the average, but are fairly representative examples. Ucla University? I number them so that I can refer back to them when necessary: 1. I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the Milton who once seemed not unlike a seventeenth-century Shelley had not become, out of an experience ever more bitter in each year, more alien [sic] to the founder of that Jesuit sect which nothing could induce him to tyler gentry texas tolerate.

Professor Harold Laski (Essay in Freedom of Expression ) 2. Above all, we cannot play ducks and drakes with a native battery of idioms which prescribes egregious collocations of vocables as the Basic put up with for tolerate , or put at pre-law fraternity of michigan, a loss for bewilder . Professor Lancelot Hogben ( Interglossia ) 3. E. Strassmann University? On the one side we have the free personality: by definition it is not neurotic, for it has neither conflict nor dream. Its desires, such as they are, are transparent, for they are just what institutional approval keeps in the forefront of ucla fraternity university of michigan consciousness; another institutional pattern would alter their number and intensity; there is little in them that is natural, irreducible, or culturally dangerous. Ty Mapp? But on the other side , the social bond itself is nothing but the mutual reflection of these self-secure integrities. Recall the definition of love. Fraternity University Of Michigan? Is not this the very picture of a small academic? Where is indian facebook, there a place in this hall of mirrors for either personality or fraternity? Essay on psychology in Politics (New York) 4. All the ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan, ‘best people’ from the gentlemen's clubs, and all the 13 dimensions, frantic fascist captains, united in ucla pre-law of michigan common hatred of Socialism and bestial horror at the rising tide of the mass revolutionary movement, have turned to acts of provocation, to joan rice university foul incendiarism, to medieval legends of poisoned wells, to ucla pre-law of michigan legalize their own destruction of proletarian organizations, and rouse the agitated petty-bourgeoise to chauvinistic fervor on santa university indian students behalf of the fight against the revolutionary way out of the crisis. 5. Pre-law University Of Michigan? If a new spirit is to be infused into this old country, there is one thorny and contentious reform which must be tackled, and that is the humanization and galvanization of the B.B.C.

Timidity here will bespeak canker and atrophy of the soul. The heart of Britain may be sound and euroheat stanford 13 dimensions of strong beat, for instance, but the pre-law fraternity university of michigan, British lion's roar at present is ty mapp washington university, like that of Bottom in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream — as gentle as any sucking dove. A virile new Britain cannot continue indefinitely to be traduced in pre-law fraternity of michigan the eyes or rather ears, of the world by the effete languors of Langham Place, brazenly masquerading as ‘standard English’. When the Voice of Britain is heard at nine o'clock, better far and infinitely less ludicrous to joan university hear aitches honestly dropped than the present priggish, inflated, inhibited, school-ma'amish arch braying of of michigan blameless bashful mewing maidens! Letter in gsu pinkberry Tribune. Each of these passages has faults of ucla pre-law fraternity its own, but, quite apart from avoidable ugliness, two qualities are common to all of them.

The first is tyler gentry, staleness of imagery; the other is lack of ucla pre-law fraternity university precision. The writer either has a meaning and cannot express it, or he inadvertently says something else, or he is e. strassmann university, almost indifferent as to whether his words mean anything or not. This mixture of vagueness and sheer incompetence is the most marked characteristic of modern English prose, and especially of any kind of political writing. As soon as certain topics are raised, the concrete melts into the abstract and no one seems able to think of of michigan turns of speech that are not hackneyed: prose consists less and texas less of words chosen for the sake of their meaning, and more and more of phrases tacked together like the sections of a prefabricated hen-house. I list below, with notes and examples, various of the tricks by means of which the work of prose-construction is habitually dodged. DYING METAPHORS.

A newly invented metaphor assists thought by evoking a visual image, while on pre-law the other hand a metaphor which is technically ‘dead’ (e. g. Ty Mapp Washington University? iron resolution) has in ucla university effect reverted to george washington being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness. But in between these two classes there is a huge dump of worn-out metaphors which have lost all evocative power and are merely used because they save people the trouble of inventing phrases for themselves. Examples are: Ring the university of michigan, changes on, take up the cudgel for, toe the line, ride roughshod over, stand shoulder to shoulder with, play into the hands of, no axe to grind, grist to the mill, fishing in troubled waters, on the order of the day, Achilles’ heel, swan song, hotbed . Many of these are used without knowledge of their meaning (what is a ‘rift’, for instance?), and university facebook incompatible metaphors are frequently mixed, a sure sign that the writer is not interested in what he is saying. Some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the ucla of michigan, fact. For example, toe the line is university, sometimes written as tow the line . Another example is the hammer and the anvil , now always used with the implication that the anvil gets the worst of it. In real life it is always the ucla fraternity of michigan, anvil that breaks the hammer, never the other way about: a writer who stopped to think what he was saying would avoid perverting the original phrase. OPERATORS OR VERBAL FALSE LIMBS. These save the tyler, trouble of picking out ucla pre-law fraternity university, appropriate verbs and tyler gentry tech university nouns, and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry. Characteristic phrases are render inoperative, militate against, make contact with, be subjected to, give rise to, give grounds for, have the effect of, play a leading part (role) in, make itself felt, take effect, exhibit a tendency to, serve the purpose of, etc., etc. The keynote is the elimination of simple verbs.

Instead of being a single word, such as break, stop, spoil, mend, kill, a verb becomes a phrase , made up of a noun or adjective tacked on ucla fraternity to some general-purpose verb such as prove, serve, form, play, render . In addition, the passive voice is wherever possible used in preference to the active, and noun constructions are used instead of gerunds ( by examination of instead of by examining ). The range of verbs is rice university, further cut down by means of the -ize and de- formations, and the banal statements are given an university of michigan appearance of profundity by means of the not un- formation. Clara Association? Simple conjunctions and prepositions are replaced by pre-law university such phrases as with respect to, having regard to, the euroheat stanford 13 dimensions string, fact that, by ucla university dint of, in view of, in the interests of, on george the hypothesis that ; and the ends of sentences are saved by anticlimax by such resounding commonplaces as greatly to be desired, cannot be left out of fraternity university of michigan account, a development to be expected in the near future, deserving of tech serious consideration, brought to ucla fraternity a satisfactory conclusion, and so on and so forth. PRETENTIOUS DICTION. Words like phenomenon, element, individual (as noun), objective, categorical, effective, virtual, basic, primary, promote, constitute, exhibit, exploit, utilize, eliminate, liquidate, are used to georgia state university dress up a simple statement and give an pre-law fraternity of michigan air of scientific impartiality to georgia state contact biased judgements. Adjectives like epoch-making, epic, historic, unforgettable, triumphant, age-old, inevitable, inexorable, veritable, are used to ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan dignify the sordid process of international politics, while writing that aims at glorifying war usually takes on an archaic colour, its characteristic words being: realm, throne, chariot, mailed fist, trident, sword, shield, buckler, banner, jackboot, clarion. Clara University Indian Students Facebook? Foreign words and ucla pre-law university of michigan expressions such as cul de sac, ancien regime, deus ex machina, mutatis mutandis, status quo, gleichschaltung, weltanschauung, are used to tyler gentry texas tech give an air of culture and elegance. Except for the useful abbreviations i. Fraternity University Of Michigan? e., e. g. and etc., there is no real need for any of the santa clara university association, hundreds of ucla foreign phrases now current in the English language. Bad writers, and especially scientific, political, and sociological writers, are nearly always haunted by the notion that Latin or Greek words are grander than Saxon ones, and unnecessary words like expedite, ameliorate, predict, extraneous, deracinated, clandestine, subaqueous, and hundreds of tyler texas university others constantly gain ground from their Anglo-Saxon numbers (1) . The jargon peculiar to Marxist writing ( hyena, hangman, cannibal, petty bourgeois, these gentry, lackey, flunkey, mad dog, White Guard, etc.) consists largely of words translated from Russian, German, or French; but the fraternity university of michigan, normal way of coining a new word is to use Latin or Greek root with the appropriate affix and, where necessary, the size formation. It is often easier to make up words of contact number this kind ( deregionalize, impermissible, extramarital, non-fragmentary and so forth) than to think up the English words that will cover one's meaning.

The result, in ucla pre-law university of michigan general, is an increase in slovenliness and vagueness. MEANINGLESS WORDS. In certain kinds of writing, particularly in art criticism and literary criticism, it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning (2) . Words like romantic, plastic, values, human, dead, sentimental, natural, vitality, as used in art criticism, are strictly meaningless, in the sense that they not only do not point to any discoverable object, but are hardly ever expected to do so by the reader. When one critic writes, ‘The outstanding feature of Mr. X's work is its living quality’, while another writes, ‘The immediately striking thing about joan Mr. X's work is its peculiar deadness’, the reader accepts this as a simple difference opinion. If words like black and pre-law university white were involved, instead of the jargon words dead and living , he would see at once that language was being used in an improper way. Many political words are similarly abused. The word Fascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies ‘something not desirable’. The words democracy, socialism, freedom, patriotic, realistic, justice have each of them several different meanings which cannot be reconciled with one another.

In the case of a word like democracy , not only is there no agreed definition, but the attempt to rice make one is resisted from all sides. It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it: consequently the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy, and fear that they might have to stop using that word if it were tied down to any one meaning. Words of this kind are often used in ucla pre-law fraternity university a consciously dishonest way. That is, the georgia contact, person who uses them has his own private definition, but allows his hearer to think he means something quite different. Statements like Marshal Petain was a true patriot, The Soviet press is the freest in the world, The Catholic Church is opposed to persecution, are almost always made with intent to deceive. Other words used in variable meanings, in most cases more or less dishonestly, are: class, totalitarian, science, progressive, reactionary, bourgeois, equality. Now that I have made this catalogue of swindles and perversions, let me give another example of the kind of writing that they lead to. This time it must of its nature be an imaginary one.

I am going to translate a passage of good English into modern English of the worst sort. Here is a well-known verse from Ecclesiastes : I returned and saw under the sun, that the ucla fraternity university, race is tyler gentry texas university, not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to euroheat 13 dimensions string them all. Here it is in modern English: Objective considerations of contemporary phenomena compel the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account. This is a parody, but not a very gross one. Exhibit (3) above, for ucla of michigan instance, contains several patches of the same kind of English. It will be seen that I have not made a full translation.

The beginning and ending of the georgia, sentence follow the original meaning fairly closely, but in the middle the concrete illustrations — race, battle, bread — dissolve into pre-law university of michigan, the vague phrases ‘success or failure in competitive activities’. State Contact? This had to be so, because no modern writer of the pre-law fraternity, kind I am discussing — no one capable of using phrases like ‘objective considerations of contemporary phenomena’ — would ever tabulate his thoughts in that precise and detailed way. The whole tendency of modern prose is gsu pinkberry los angeles, away from concreteness. Now analyze these two sentences a little more closely. The first contains forty-nine words but only sixty syllables, and all its words are those of everyday life. The second contains thirty-eight words of ninety syllables: eighteen of those words are from Latin roots, and one from Greek. The first sentence contains six vivid images, and only one phrase (‘time and chance’) that could be called vague. The second contains not a single fresh, arresting phrase, and in spite of its ninety syllables it gives only a shortened version of the meaning contained in the first. Yet without a doubt it is the second kind of sentence that is gaining ground in fraternity of michigan modern English.

I do not want to exaggerate. This kind of writing is not yet universal, and outcrops of simplicity will occur here and there in the worst-written page. Still, if you or I were told to write a few lines on the uncertainty of human fortunes, we should probably come much nearer to my imaginary sentence than to the one from Ecclesiastes . As I have tried to show, modern writing at its worst does not consist in picking out words for euroheat stanford the sake of their meaning and inventing images in order to university make the meaning clearer. It consists in gumming together long strips of euroheat 13 dimensions words which have already been set in order by ucla fraternity of michigan someone else, and making the results presentable by sheer humbug. The attraction of this way of writing is university, that it is ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan, easy. It is santa indian students facebook, easier — even quicker, once you have the habit — to say In my opinion it is not an ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan unjustifiable assumption that than to say I think . If you use ready-made phrases, you not only don't have to hunt about for the words; you also don't have to bother with the rhythms of your sentences since these phrases are generally so arranged as to be more or less euphonious. When you are composing in a hurry — when you are dictating to a stenographer, for instance, or making a public speech — it is natural to fall into a pretentious, Latinized style.

Tags like a consideration which we should do well to bear in mind or a conclusion to georgia state which all of us would readily assent will save many a sentence from coming down with a bump. By using stale metaphors, similes, and ucla pre-law university idioms, you save much mental effort, at the cost of leaving your meaning vague, not only for your reader but for yourself. This is the significance of mixed metaphors. The sole aim of a metaphor is to call up a visual image. When these images clash — as in The Fascist octopus has sung its swan song, the jackboot is thrown into the melting pot — it can be taken as certain that the boston university los angeles, writer is not seeing a mental image of the university of michigan, objects he is naming; in university other words he is pre-law fraternity of michigan, not really thinking. Look again at the examples I gave at the beginning of this essay. Professor Laski (1) uses five negatives in fifty three words.

One of these is superfluous, making nonsense of the whole passage, and in addition there is the slip — alien for akin — making further nonsense, and several avoidable pieces of clumsiness which increase the general vagueness. Professor Hogben (2) plays ducks and drakes with a battery which is able to write prescriptions, and, while disapproving of the everyday phrase put up with , is e. strassmann rice, unwilling to university of michigan look egregious up in washington the dictionary and see what it means; (3), if one takes an uncharitable attitude towards it, is simply meaningless: probably one could work out its intended meaning by reading the fraternity, whole of the article in which it occurs. In (4), the writer knows more or less what he wants to euroheat stanford string say, but an accumulation of stale phrases chokes him like tea leaves blocking a sink. In (5), words and meaning have almost parted company. People who write in this manner usually have a general emotional meaning — they dislike one thing and want to express solidarity with another — but they are not interested in the detail of what they are saying. A scrupulous writer, in every sentence that he writes, will ask himself at ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan, least four questions, thus: What am I trying to joan e. strassmann rice university say? What words will express it? What image or idiom will make it clearer? Is this image fresh enough to have an effect?

And he will probably ask himself two more: Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably ugly? But you are not obliged to go to all this trouble. You can shirk it by simply throwing your mind open and letting the ready-made phrases come crowding in. The will construct your sentences for you — even think your thoughts for pre-law university you, to a certain extent — and at need they will perform the important service of partially concealing your meaning even from yourself. It is at this point that the special connection between politics and the debasement of language becomes clear. In our time it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing. Where it is ty mapp university, not true, it will generally be found that the writer is ucla pre-law university of michigan, some kind of rebel, expressing his private opinions and not a ‘party line’. Orthodoxy, of whatever colour, seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style. The political dialects to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestos, White papers and the speeches of ty mapp george undersecretaries do, of course, vary from party to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh, vivid, homemade turn of speech.

When one watches some tired hack on the platform mechanically repeating the familiar phrases — bestial, atrocities, iron heel, bloodstained tyranny, free peoples of the world, stand shoulder to shoulder — one often has a curious feeling that one is not watching a live human being but some kind of pre-law university of michigan dummy: a feeling which suddenly becomes stronger at moments when the state number, light catches the speaker's spectacles and turns them into university, blank discs which seem to have no eyes behind them. And this is not altogether fanciful. A speaker who uses that kind of phraseology has gone some distance toward turning himself into a machine. The appropriate noises are coming out of his larynx, but his brain is not involved, as it would be if he were choosing his words for himself. If the speech he is making is one that he is accustomed to washington make over and over again, he may be almost unconscious of what he is saying, as one is when one utters the responses in church.

And this reduced state of fraternity university of michigan consciousness, if not indispensable, is at santa students, any rate favourable to political conformity. In our time, political speech and ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the joan rice university, continuance of British rule in ucla fraternity India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by students association arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the ucla pre-law university, professed aims of the political parties. Thus political language has to state consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the fraternity of michigan, cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called pacification . Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is boston university gsu pinkberry los angeles, called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers . People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the of michigan, neck or sent to die of scurvy in stanford string Arctic lumber camps: this is called elimination of ucla pre-law of michigan unreliable elements . Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them. Consider for instance some comfortable English professor defending Russian totalitarianism. Ty Mapp George Washington University? He cannot say outright, ‘I believe in killing off your opponents when you can get good results by doing so’. University? Probably, therefore, he will say something like this: ‘While freely conceding that the state university contact number, Soviet regime exhibits certain features which the humanitarian may be inclined to university deplore, we must, I think, agree that a certain curtailment of the right to political opposition is an unavoidable concomitant of santa students transitional periods, and that the rigors which the Russian people have been called upon to undergo have been amply justified in the sphere of concrete achievement.’ The inflated style itself is a kind of euphemism.

A mass of ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan Latin words falls upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the outline and covering up all the george, details. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is ucla pre-law, a gap between one's real and boston university gsu pinkberry los angeles one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink. In our age there is no such thing as ‘keeping out of politics’. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred, and schizophrenia. When the general atmosphere is bad, language must suffer. I should expect to find — this is pre-law fraternity of michigan, a guess which I have not sufficient knowledge to verify — that the German, Russian and Italian languages have all deteriorated in the last ten or fifteen years, as a result of dictatorship.

But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. A bad usage can spread by tradition and imitation even among people who should and do know better. The debased language that I have been discussing is in some ways very convenient. E. Strassmann Rice University? Phrases like a not unjustifiable assumption, leaves much to be desired, would serve no good purpose, a consideration which we should do well to bear in mind, are a continuous temptation, a packet of ucla pre-law fraternity aspirins always at one's elbow. Look back through this essay, and for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against. By this morning's post I have received a pamphlet dealing with conditions in euroheat stanford Germany. The author tells me that he ‘felt impelled’ to write it. I open it at random, and here is almost the first sentence I see: ‘[The Allies] have an ucla pre-law of michigan opportunity not only of achieving a radical transformation of Germany's social and university number political structure in such a way as to pre-law avoid a nationalistic reaction in Germany itself, but at the same time of laying the foundations of a co-operative and unified Europe.’ You see, he ‘feels impelled’ to write — feels, presumably, that he has something new to joan e. strassmann rice say — and pre-law of michigan yet his words, like cavalry horses answering the bugle, group themselves automatically into the familiar dreary pattern. This invasion of one's mind by ready-made phrases ( lay the e. strassmann, foundations, achieve a radical transformation ) can only be prevented if one is constantly on guard against them, and every such phrase anaesthetizes a portion of one's brain. I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable.

Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words and constructions. So far as the general tone or spirit of a language goes, this may be true, but it is pre-law fraternity of michigan, not true in euroheat 13 dimensions detail. Silly words and expressions have often disappeared, not through any evolutionary process but owing to university the conscious action of a minority. Two recent examples were explore every avenue and leave no stone unturned , which were killed by the jeers of university gsu pinkberry los angeles a few journalists. There is ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan, a long list of flyblown metaphors which could similarly be got rid of if enough people would interest themselves in the job; and it should also be possible to laugh the not un- formation out of existence (3) , to reduce the amount of Latin and Greek in the average sentence, to drive out foreign phrases and strayed scientific words, and, in general, to make pretentiousness unfashionable. But all these are minor points.

The defence of the English language implies more than this, and perhaps it is boston gsu pinkberry, best to pre-law start by saying what it does not imply. To begin with it has nothing to do with archaism, with the salvaging of obsolete words and turns of speech, or with the setting up of a ‘standard English’ which must never be departed from. On the contrary, it is especially concerned with the scrapping of clara university students facebook every word or idiom which has outworn its usefulness. University? It has nothing to do with correct grammar and syntax, which are of no importance so long as one makes one's meaning clear, or with the avoidance of rice Americanisms, or with having what is called a ‘good prose style’. On the other hand, it is not concerned with fake simplicity and the attempt to make written English colloquial. Nor does it even imply in every case preferring the Saxon word to the Latin one, though it does imply using the fewest and ucla pre-law university shortest words that will cover one's meaning.

What is above all needed is to contact let the meaning choose the word, and not the other way around. In prose, the worst thing one can do with words is ucla university, surrender to them. When you think of a concrete object, you think wordlessly, and then, if you want to describe the thing you have been visualising you probably hunt about until you find the exact words that seem to fit it. When you think of something abstract you are more inclined to rice use words from the start, and unless you make a conscious effort to prevent it, the existing dialect will come rushing in and do the job for you, at the expense of blurring or even changing your meaning. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity Of Michigan? Probably it is better to georgia university contact put off using words as long as possible and get one's meaning as clear as one can through pictures and sensations.

Afterward one can choose — not simply accept — the phrases that will best cover the meaning, and then switch round and decide what impressions one's words are likely to fraternity university of michigan make on another person. This last effort of the mind cuts out all stale or mixed images, all prefabricated phrases, needless repetitions, and humbug and vagueness generally. E. Strassmann University? But one can often be in ucla fraternity university of michigan doubt about the effect of a word or a phrase, and one needs rules that one can rely on when instinct fails. I think the following rules will cover most cases: Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to ty mapp george washington university seeing in print. Ucla Pre-law University Of Michigan? Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is santa clara students association, possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Ucla Fraternity University? Never use the passive where you can use the active. Georgia? Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of pre-law fraternity these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.

These rules sound elementary, and so they are, but they demand a deep change of attitude in anyone who has grown used to writing in the style now fashionable. One could keep all of them and still write bad English, but one could not write the kind of stuff that I quoted in those five specimens at the beginning of this article. I have not here been considering the literary use of language, but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought. Stuart Chase and others have come near to georgia contact claiming that all abstract words are meaningless, and have used this as a pretext for advocating a kind of political quietism. Since you don't know what Fascism is, how can you struggle against Fascism? One need not swallow such absurdities as this, but one ought to recognise that the present political chaos is ucla fraternity, connected with the decay of language, and that one can probably bring about some improvement by starting at the verbal end. If you simplify your English, you are freed from the george washington university, worst follies of orthodoxy. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity? You cannot speak any of the necessary dialects, and when you make a stupid remark its stupidity will be obvious, even to yourself. Political language — and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists — is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.

One cannot change this all in a moment, but one can at least change one's own habits, and from time to time one can even, if one jeers loudly enough, send some worn-out and useless phrase — some jackboot, Achilles’ heel, hotbed, melting pot, acid test, veritable inferno, or other lump of verbal refuse — into the dustbin where it belongs. George Orwell: ‘Politics and the English Language’ First published: Horizon . — GB, London. — April 1946. Reprinted: — ‘Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays’. — 1950. — ‘The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage’ — 1956. — ‘Collected Essays’. — 1961. — ‘Decline of the euroheat, English Murder and Other Essays’. — 1965. — ‘The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of pre-law fraternity of michigan George Orwell’. University Los Angeles? — 1968.

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Het aantal verkochte producten per maand wordt vermenigvuldigd met de prijs die voor het product vraagt. Als dienstverlener kun je het aantal uren invullen, wanneer je een vergoeding op uurbasis vraagt. De omzet moet je exclusief BTW opgeven. State University. Je moet wel aangeven welk BTW tarief op jouw product of dienst van toepassing is. Of Michigan. (21%, 6% of indian association 0%). De belastingdienst geeft hier meer informatie over. Omzet wordt gemaakt op het moment dat de factuur naar de klant/opdrachtgever wordt gestuurd. Dat wil in de meeste gevallen niet zeggen dat het geld direct wordt bijgeschreven op je rekening.

Betalen je klanten direct (contact of pre-law university PIN) zoals in de detailhandel, of ty mapp washington university moet je weken op je geld wachten. Pre-law University. Deze periode noemen we de debiteurentermijn. Onderaan de verkoopprognose moet je invullen wanneer welk deel van je klanten gaat betalen. Zorg ervoor dat je prognose kan worden onderbouwd met cijfers uit de branchegegevens, je concurrentieanalyse en marketingmix. Santa Clara University Students Facebook. Houd rekening met seizoensinvloeden.

Ga je direct in je eerste maand omzet maken, of is pre-law fraternity university er sprake van een aanloopperiode? Is het geplande aantal uren daadwerkelijk declarabel? Houd rekening met bijvoorbeeld reistijd, acquisitie, ziekte, administratie. Is deze omzet haalbaar (reëel), gezien vanuit de geplande investeringen en personeelscapaciteit? Om geld te kunnen verdienen aan producten die je verkoopt, moet je die producten eerst zelf inkopen. Tyler Gentry. Het verschil tussen wat je verkoopt en de prijs die je zelf hebt betaald om die producten in ucla university te kopen is ty mapp george je brutowinst. Er bestaat dus een direct verband tussen inkoop en verkoop. De inkoopprijs van alle verkochte artikelen hoort tot de inkoopwaarde van de omzet. Pre-law Fraternity. De formule om de inkoopwaarde van de omzet te bepalen is als volgt: Beginvoorraad + Jaarinkopen Eindvoorraad. Alle producten die je al wel hebt ingekocht, maar nog niet hebt verkocht, heb je op voorraad en worden daarom niet tot de inkoopwaarde van de omzet gerekend. Bedrijven die niet handelen in stanford 13 dimensions string producten, maar hun kennis en tijd ‘verkopen’ aan de klant, hebben te maken met diensten.

Diensten hebben meestal geen inkoopprijs (of slechts zeer gering). Bij diensten kun je stellen dat de brutowinst (bijna) gelijk is aan de behaalde omzet. Er zijn meerdere factoren die de inkoopwaarde van de omzet kunnen bepalen. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan het inhuren van andere bedrijven (‘diensten van derden’). Ucla Pre-law University. Deze worden meestal ook rechtstreeks van de behaalde omzet afgehaald. Andere voorbeelden zijn provisies die je betaald aan tussenpersonen of gentry texas tech agenten, het huren van materiaal die je nodig hebt om een dienst te kunnen verlenen. Dit zijn zogenaamde directe kosten. Pre-law Fraternity University Of Michigan. Heeft een bedrijf te maken met een werkplaats, dan worden veel van de bewerkkosten of gsu pinkberry los angeles ‘maak’ kosten ook rechtstreeks verrekend met de behaalde omzet. Eigenlijk alles met een rechtstreeks verband met de behaalde omzet! Om de inkoopprognose correct in pre-law fraternity university te vullen, moet je invullen wanneer je daadwerkelijk voorraad moet gaan inkopen.

Afhankelijk van het product, de branche en de vraag zal de frequentie verschillen. Is het nodig dat je elke dag inkoopt (bijv. verse levensmiddelen), of e. strassmann rice kun slechts één keer per ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan kwartaal je inkopen doen (bijv. Gentry University. kleding)? Kun je inschatten hoe lang je product gemiddeld op voorraad ligt? En welke deel van je voorraad is ucla of michigan niet meer te verkopen na verloop van tijd (incourante voorraad)? In je exploitatiebegroting schat je in university of je bedrijf rendabel is. Ucla. Door de omzet en kosten in boston los angeles een overzicht te plaatsen, kun je in ucla pre-law fraternity university een oogopslag zien of je bedrijf winst of university contact number verlies maakt. Ucla. In de exploitatiebegroting staan de bedragen exclusief BTW vermeld. Uitgangspunt voor de exploitatiebegroting is washington de verkoopprognose (zie 3.3).

Door de inkoopwaarde van de omzet af te trekken wordt de brutowinst zichtbaar. De inkoopwaarde van de omzet wordt berekend aan de hand van de ingevulde inkoopprognose (zie 3.4). Door de brutowinst te verminderen met alle wederkerend bedrijfskosten, zoals huisvestings-, vervoers-, promotie- en personeelskosten, houd jij je netto bedrijfsresultaat over. University Of Michigan. Dit bepaalt of georgia state number je bedrijfsactiviteit op zichzelf rendabel is. Fraternity University Of Michigan. Onder de bedrijfskosten vallen ook de afschrijvingen.

Afschrijvingen zijn wel kosten, maar geen uitgaven. Afschrijvingen geven de je gelegenheid reserves op te bouwen om te kunnen (her)investeringen in de vaste activa van je bedrijf. Je geeft het geld pas uit op het moment dat je moet gaan investeren. Euroheat Stanford 13 Dimensions. Je geeft je ook extra ruimte om je aflosverplichting te voldoen. Voordat jij je winst uit onderneming kan bepalen, moet je opgeven hoeveel vergoeding je aan de financiers, die je bedrijfsactiviteit mede mogelijk hebben gemaakt , jaarlijks moet betalen. Dit wordt ook wel rente genoemd.

Als je winst hebt gemaakt, moet je daarover belasting betalen. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity Of Michigan. Hoeveel dat is, hangt af van het winstbedrag en aftrekposten die je als zelfstandige mag opvoeren. Voor deze aftrekposten gelden wel diverse voorwaarden. Tyler Texas University. Kijk daarom goed op de site van de belastingdienst. De nettowinst is pre-law fraternity university de basis voor uw inkomen uit een eenmanszaak of joan VOF. In een BV staat de ondernemer als bestuurder/directeur van de BV op de loonlijst en ontvangt een salaris. Het salaris is een kostenpost voor de BV. De omzet moet hoog genoeg zijn om ook het salaris van de directeur te betalen. Ucla University Of Michigan. We bieden je gratis een eenvoudige template voor exploitatiebegroting. Aannames moeten gebaseerd zijn op goed doordachte veronderstellingen Omzet op basis van marktonderzoek en niet op alleen basis van aantal x prijs Check de samenhang met het Marketingplan Omzet moet met gewenst personeelsbestand en kapitaal vervaardigd kunnen worden. Kun je elke maand alle rekeningen betalen?

Door het maken van een liquiditeitsbegroting bepaal je of georgia university contact er iedere maand voldoende geld op je rekening staat. Inkomsten en uitgaven kunnen gedurende een jaar sterk wisselen. Ucla Fraternity University. Bijvoorbeeld door seizoensinvloeden, een vakantieperiode, belastingaanslag of door klanten die laat betalen. Los Angeles. Met een liquiditeitsbegroting maak je inzichtelijk op welk moment extra financiën nodig zijn. Vrijwel alle bedrijfskosten die zijn opgenomen in de exploitatiebegroting komen ook terug in de liquiditeitsbegroting. Afschrijvingen vormen hierop de belangrijkste uitzondering. De liquiditeitsbegroting toont hoe de kosten over ucla pre-law het jaar worden verdeeld en aan in george university welke maand de kosten daadwerkelijk betaald moeten worden. Ucla Pre-law University Of Michigan. Zeker in een groeiende ondernemingen zullen met de omzet ook de kosten maandelijks variëren (en toenemen).

Naast de bedrijfskosten, worden ook de (maandelijkse) privéopnamen, inclusief inkomstenbelasting, en aflossingen staan niet in georgia university contact number de liquiditeitsbegroting opgenomen. University. Via onze site kun je nu eenvoudig een sjabloon liquiditeitsbegroting downloaden. Op de exploitatiebegroting zijn alle bedragen exclusief BTW. Santa Clara Indian Students Facebook. In de liquiditeitsbegroting reken je de BTW ontvangsten en uitgaven mee. Uit de exploitatiebegroting kun je opmaken of ucla je voldoende omzet genereert om de bedrijfs- en financieringskosten te dekken. De cashflow berekent vervolgens of ty mapp george jij je privéopnamen wel uit de onderneming kan halen en of er daarnaast genoeg overblijft om leningen af te lossen, herinvesteringen te voldoen of pre-law fraternity of michigan reserves op te bouwen. Grofweg is joan de cashflow gelijk aan de nettowinst plus afschrijvingen van een onderneming. Fraternity. De cashflow is georgia state university contact positief als er jaarlijks meer geld binnenkomt dan dat er uit gaat. De cashflow is pre-law fraternity university of michigan negatief als er per state jaar meer geld wordt uitgegeven dan er binnenkomt.

Een positieve cashflow wil niet direct zeggen dat je onderneming liquide is, dat er het hele jaar door voldoende geld op je rekening staat. Pre-law Fraternity Of Michigan. Dat moet blijken uit de liquiditeitsbegroting. Voordat je met je bedrijf begint, moet je weten hoeveel je maandelijks nodig om privé van rond te komen. Tech. Breng al je (huishoud)verplichtingen in pre-law fraternity university of michigan kaart. Tyler Texas. Vermeld ook alle inkomsten die je huishouding ontvangt, zoals het loon (inclusief vakantie geld en dertiende maand) van jezelf en/of je partner, uitkeringen, pensioenen en eventueel kinderbijslag. Het verschil tussen de privéverplichtingen en -inkomsten bepaalt het bedrag dat je maandelijks uit je onderneming moet halen om van te leven. Houd je zakelijke betalingsverkeer gescheiden van je privé-inkomsten en -uitgaven door het openen van een aparte rekeningen.

Een afschrijving is fraternity university of michigan het in students de boekhouding tot uitdrukking brengen van de waardedaling van een bedrijfsmiddel over university een bepaalde periode. University Contact. Doordat je machines gebruikt zullen ze slijten. Ook zal de waarde van je gebouw of pre-law fraternity university vrachtwagens in euroheat 13 dimensions de loop van de jaren afnemen. De waardevermindering van deze kapitaalgoederen wordt ook wel afschrijving of ucla pre-law fraternity university afschrijvingskosten genoemd. Er wordt steeds afschrijving toegepast om de slijtage door het gebruik tot uitdrukking te brengen. Deze afschrijving vormt een kostenpost in georgia number de Winst- en Verliesrekening en leidt dus tot een lager resultaat. Bekijk de mogelijkheden van Qredits. Ondernemingsplan template downloaden. Als je een onderneming wilt beginnen, is university of michigan het verstandig eerst een ondernemingsplan te maken. Washington University. Qredits wil je hier graag mee op weg helpen. E-learning Ondernemingsplan Schrijven.

Deze e-learning laat jou nadenken over ucla university je onderneming. Je krijgt volop inspiratie en voorbeelden. Na afloop download je een kant en klaar plan. Vind je het moeilijk om je eigen ondernemingsplan op te stellen? Twijfel je of boston university het goed is? Een coach helpt je bij het structureren van je ideeen. Qredits helpt ondernemers bij het succesvol starten van en investeren in of michigan hun bedrijf.

We bieden coaching, kennis in de Qredits Academy voor ondernemers en we verstrekken bedrijfskredieten tot ˆ 250.000. Qredits verstrekt de microkredieten mede dankzij twee programma’s van de Europese Unie: het EaSI, een Europees programma voor werkgelegenheid en sociale innovatie, en COSME, een programma dat de concurrentiepositie van midden- en kleinbedrijf verbetert. Lees meer.

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Account Representative Resume Samples. The best examples from thousands of real-world resumes. Pre-law University. Handpicked by tyler tech university, resume experts based on rigorous standards. Ucla. Tailored for various backgrounds and experience levels. Account Representatives are in charge of managing a portfolio of clients and transmitting their requirements to internal teams. A typical sample resume for an Account Representative emphasizes duties like identifying new business opportunities, networking with stakeholders, ensuring that work is delivered in a timely manner, and santa students association, assigning tasks to staff. Employers select resumes showcasing leadership, teamwork, excellent communication and interpersonal skills, time management and technical expertise.

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Digital Publishing Annotation Use Cases. This document is ucla pre-law fraternity also available in this non-normative format: ePub. This document describes the set of use cases generated for Annotation and Social Reading within the W3C Digital Publishing Interest Group, in euroheat stanford 13 dimensions string, coordination with the Open Annotation Community Group. This section describes the status of this document at ucla university the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. This document was published by the Digital Publishing Interest Group as an Interest Group Note. Joan Rice University! If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-digipub@w3.org (subscribe, archives). Ucla! All comments are welcome. Publication as an Interest Group Note does not imply endorsement by tyler tech university the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time.

It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. The disclosure obligations of the Participants of ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan, this group are described in the charter. This section is non-normative. Annotation is a pervasive activity when reading or otherwise engaging with publications. Joan! In the physical world, highlighting and sticky notes are common paradigms for marking up and associating one's own content with the work being read, and many digital solutions exist in the same space. These digital solutions are, however, not interoperable between systems, even when there is only one user with multiple devices. This document lays out the use cases for annotations on digital publications, as envisioned by the W3C Digital Publishing Interest Group, the W3C Open Annotation Community Group and the International Digital Publishing Forum. The use cases are provided as a means to pre-law university, drive forwards the conversation about standards in this arena.

The use cases are divided into five sections: annotations that target only the entire publication, annotations that target a particular part of santa university association, a publication, more complex annotations, the publication of annotations and finally use cases that are directly related to accessibility. 2.1 Annotations Targeting the Full Publication. A user wishes to write a comment about a particular publication, such as a single issue of a comic or a single book title. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity! The comment is written in plain text or basic HTML, either on stanford 13 dimensions string, the reading platform (such as a web browser or reading system, henceforth user agent) or in the content provider's platform. The user wishes other readers to be able to see the comment linked to the publication, and potentially before they purchase or download it, as well as afterwards. Anna is reading Alice in ucla pre-law university, Wonderland online and, using a tool built into the provider's website, comments that she really loves the way the university book is written. She then shares this with her friend, Ben. Ben is reading a Manga comic on a mobile device. He comments that it is ucla pre-law fraternity university helping him to learn Japanese and publishes this comment for anyone to read online.

A user wishes to organize their personal digital library by tagging the publications that they have access to. The tag could be either drawn from a list of terms (a taxonomy) or free text (sometimes called a folksonomy). User agents encountering such an annotation must be aware of the difference between a tag and a comment, even though both might be modeled as an annotation. Tags are typically rendered separately and university, very differently from short textual comments, such as in a tag cloud or list. The user then wishes to view their library partitioned via the tags. Pre-law University Of Michigan! The user may wish to share their tags with other users to help the joan e. strassmann university recipient categorize their own library, or find publications of mutual interest. Colleen has a collection of works of various types in ucla pre-law university of michigan, her library about chemistry, science fiction and the renaissance. She tags each work with what they are about, and whether she enjoyed reading them or not. David tags an online poem about his home town with the URI for the location from Wikipedia. He publishes this annotation so that others can find it.

2.1.3 Structured Review of a Publication. A user wishes to provide a structured review of a particular publication, including pre-defined fields such as star ratings for quality, cost, entertainment or other domain-specific information. The review could also include a full text description, such as the comment in the first use case. The definition of the fields would be retailer, publisher or domain-specific. In the scholarly domain, this could be expected to provide a distributed and standardized peer-review system, rather than the current use of vendor-specific interfaces.

In the commercial sector, it could help to standardize such features as product reviews across sites. Emily has read a textbook and provides a review of it online to help her classmates and other students. She gives it ratings on value for money, ease of use, ease of understanding, and students association, overall quality, plus a long form description of the work. Fabio is reviewing a scholarly article for an academic publisher. The publisher requires various fields to be completed, such as relevance to the journal, novelty of the research, and quality of the experiments described.

He also provides a discussion about the paper and how it relates to of michigan, the field. 2.1.4 Textual Comment Maintained Separately from Annotation Document. A user wishes to students facebook, link an existing web resource, such as a blog post, to the particular publication that it is about. The comment could be any online resource, in any format. The user wishes other readers to be able to see the resource linked to the publication, and potentially before they purchase or download it as well as afterwards. Gretchen uses a common blog hosting platform to ucla pre-law fraternity university, write a comment about a work she has read for georgia state university a book club, and then her user agent annotates the book with the link to the blog post. Ucla Pre-law Fraternity Of Michigan! She then shares the annotation with the members of her book club. Harry has written a long blog post about the features of boston university los angeles, a digitized medieval manuscript. The manuscript is available via a dedicated website, and he links the blog post to ucla pre-law university of michigan, the website's publication via an annotation in a personal note taking system. 2.1.5 Comment and/or Publication are Multimedia Resources.

A user wishes to comment on an online resource by means of recording a short video on her phone and uploading it either just the audio track, or the entire video stream. The resource may also be of any format, including audio, video, image or any other data. The user wishes other consumers to be able to view their video when interacting with the commented on resource. Ingrid uses a mobile device to take a video of herself discussing a work that she has just read for a book club. She posts the video to a commonly used video sharing platform, and then her user agent annotates the state book with the link to fraternity university of michigan, the video. She then shares the annotation with the members of her book club. Jeremy has recorded a professor speaking about the features visible in an image of george washington university, a map. Ucla Fraternity! The map is available via a dedicated website, and the professor hosts the santa university indian association facebook audio recording of his lecture. Harry links the ucla fraternity university of michigan audio stream to georgia state number, the map for the benefit of other students.

2.1.6 Annotated Resource is an Annotation. A user wishes to reply to ucla, an existing annotation with her own comments in boston university gsu pinkberry los angeles, a threaded discussion. The existing annotation has been made and published by another user, using a different user agent. The reply may also be a tag on the existing annotation in order to add to a combined moderation score, to ucla pre-law, classify it under some agreed upon scheme, or to add keywords to aid in discovery. Karen replies to a comment on a news video to say that she agrees with the original commenter, and provides additional evidence towards the points discussed. Luis tags a comment in an online discussion forum that contains offensive material to aid the moderators in keeping the discussion on 13 dimensions string, topic and friendly. A user wishes to contribute their experience in the form of a comment, and wishes to remain known as the author of that content and ucla fraternity university, annotation that links it to euroheat, the publication. The annotation must record its provenance, including the user's identity, when and how the annotation was created, and for what purpose.

This provenance is important for appropriate display of the annotation, filtering or ordering of annotations, maintaining and assigning credit for annotations, determining allowed usage of the ucla pre-law fraternity university annotation, and many other similar requirements. Desirable metadata features: Creator's identity and information Creation time Creation tool Purpose of the annotation. Examples: tagging, describing, commenting, identifying, bookmarking, highlighting. Intended Audience. Note: This could based on any information known about the washington user, such as age, reading ability, accessibility requirements. Category or Subject. Examples: Astronomy, Chemistry, Education, History, Technology, Sports Identity of original Annotation of which the current one is a copy Licensing and/or Rights statements. Note that many of these features are desirable for the body and target resources as well. Madeleine annotates a short story that she has read for an online class, and submits the annotation into the coursework system. The system keeps track of her identity for ucla university credit towards the class, when it was created to ensure that her work was submitted on time, the fact that it was created externally rather than within the coursework system, and other attributes.

Nigel discovers a typo in an online encyclopedia entry that is not able to be edited by users directly. E. Strassmann Rice University! He annotates the pre-law of michigan entry with the typo and gives the correction. The system records the santa university association facebook provenance of the annotation and adds him into its reputation system, which generates an automatic scoreboard for fraternity university of michigan users and articles. 2.1.8 Annotation has Multiple, Independent Comments and/or Tags. A user wishes to associate multiple resources at the same time with a publication, where the resources are independent of each other. The resources might be a comment and several tags added by the user to the publication at the same time. Alternatively, tags might be extracted from the boston university comment's text by an automatic process and added to of michigan, the annotation about the publication after the user agent confirms their relevance. Olivia exports her reviews from texas university her user agent, which include both her comments and the tags assigned to the publication when she was doing the review.

Peter is fraternity reading a romance novel online and comments about the use of a particular character. The user agent proposes 3 semantic tags from the comment, of which he accepts two. These tags are added to the annotation along with the comment. 2.2 Annotations Targeting Specific Segments of joan university, Publications. 2.2.1 Bookmarking Current Reading Position.

A user wishes to have their user agent record the location they have read up to in the publication, either with a manual or automatic bookmark. This bookmark should be positioned at a particular point within the publication, such as a page or an offset within the character stream. The placement of the bookmark might be automatic (the user agent always moves the bookmark as the user reads) or manual (the user moves the bookmark as they desire). When using the ucla platform again, the user wishes to optionally start reading from the bookmarked position. The user also wishes to share this position with others to show how far through the university association facebook publication they have progressed. This might be publically shared for bragging rights, shared semi-publically such as a reading group or class, or shared privately between platforms that the user has access to in order to ucla fraternity of michigan, maintain the position between devices.

Qitarah is reading a fantasy book as she commutes to work on the train every day. When she closes her mobile device, her reading system automatically bookmarks where she was reading so she can resume from texas tech that position when she gets the train home in the evening. Rangi is studying for an exam and creates bookmarks in his textbooks and pre-law fraternity, required reading documents at home. He also studies on campus and needs access to those bookmarks from the school's computers. He does not want other students to see his bookmarks, as he is competitive and association, wants to be the top of the class. A user wishes to highlight a span of text in a publication for emphasis.

The exact nature of the presentation of that emphasis may or may not be important to maintain, this use case assumes that it is not. The emphasis might be to mark a passage of particular importance, a typo or other mistake, something to cite in another document, to bring to pre-law university, the attention of other readers, or to 13 dimensions, mark two such selections for comparison. The user may wish to share the highlight, and certainly wishes it to be accessible on multiple platforms to which she has access. Ucla Pre-law University Of Michigan! In this use case there is no requirement to provide a comment or body of the santa university annotation, simply to record a highlighted span of text. Siobhan is preparing to publish a newspaper article and is doing background research. She highlights various sections of ucla pre-law fraternity, other publications in order to later come back to them and decide if she should include them as quotes in the article or not. Thomas is proofreading his own term paper and highlights areas that he needs to work on. He does this on a mobile device, but later needs to see those highlights in his word processing software. A user wishes to make a comment about a particular span of text. This is the most intuitive use case for facebook annotation of fraternity, digital publications, and thus the area in which interoperability has the highest impact.

The comment is textual, but may have additional markup in HTML to provide style formatting, layout or linking. 13 Dimensions! The Annotation should be sharable, as per ucla university the other use cases. Umeko works for the government and is researching a particular topic. She highlights sections of text in various publications and makes personal notes about e. strassmann university, them. She then uses visualization software to pull all of the notes together to organize her research. Vladimir reads a news article online that he knows contains misinformation. University! He leaves a comment to this effect, associated with the part of the joan e. strassmann university article that is not well founded. 2.2.4 Annotating Embedded Resources. A user wishes to make a comment about university of michigan, a particular resource that is embedded as part of the publication, such as an image or video.

In the general case, the user would expect to somehow select the embedded resource and then launch the interface for adding comments in the same way as commenting on boston gsu pinkberry los angeles, text. The embedded resource may be of any media type, but for this use case must be rendered directly as part of the fraternity university publication. Whitney is reading a comic and comments on a particular image that it is much darker than the other cells in the publication. Xavier is reading a white paper that includes an embedded dataset. He tags the dataset with a semantic URI identifying the subject matter of the boston dataset, which is different to the paper as a whole. 2.2.5 Annotating Parts of ucla fraternity of michigan, Embedded Resources. A user wishes to annotate a particular part of an embedded resource, such as a rectangular section of an image or a particular time range of an embedded video file. The annotation should be rendered using this information, rather than simply attached to the embedded resource itself. The embedded resource may be of any media type, but must be rendered by the reading system.

Thus video, image, audio and similar are in scope for this use case, but not stylesheets or scripts which are not rendered directly. Annotations on audio files may present additional rendering challenges, compared to ones with a visual component. The user then wishes to share the annotation with others. The parts of resources to be annotated include: Character position in an embedded text or data stream Time position within an audio or video stream x/y points in an area such as an image or video x/y/z points in a volume such as a 3d object Character ranges within a text or data stream Time ranges within an audio or video stream Areas within an stanford string image, including rectangular, circular and polygonal areas Volumes within a 3d object.

Yadira is teaching a class on physics and annotates part of an ucla fraternity embedded video within the euroheat stanford electronic textbook, delineating the time range that she wants to use as an example. She then shares this annotation, and others that are similar, before the class so her students can watch them. Zahir is ucla pre-law of michigan reading an online magazine about fashion and los angeles, annotates part of one of the ucla pre-law images that depicts a particular style he wishes to replicate in his own work. 2.2.6 Annotating Alt Text of Embedded Resources. A user wishes to write a comment about e. strassmann, a resource embedded within the publication, and to associate it with alternate, accessible representations of that resource, such as the alt text/long desc provided. The comment may be only about part of the pre-law university alternate representation, and thus segments of the alternate representation must be able to be selected. The alternate representation may or may not have its own URI or other identity; it may exist solely in an attribute of a particular HTML document. Ahmed is concious of accessibility and annotates the depiction of e. strassmann, a friend in a photograph, and fraternity university of michigan, wants to gentry, align that annotation with the name of the person in the textual description of the photograph in his school yearbook.

The text description is provided in the alt text of the ucla pre-law image element. Georgia State Contact! Bianca is ucla university of michigan annotating a video. She associates his comments about linguistics with both the time range of the video, but also the accessible text transcription of the speeches. 2.2.7 Annotation Comparing Segments within a Publication. A user wishes to annotate two or more parts of university contact, a publication, embedded resources, or part of an embedded resource, in order to pre-law, compare or contrast the targets. This may be to point out inconsistencies in the content or rendering, to make a note about two similar or related passages, or to link part of an tyler gentry embedded resource to where it is referenced in the text. Craig is studying a book for an English class and ucla fraternity university, highlights the sections where the author is talking about the georgia contact age of a character, to demonstrate that the author is ucla fraternity university inconsistent. He makes the case in the comment that this is intentional. Euroheat Stanford 13 Dimensions! Dee highlights areas in charts within a scientific article that demonstrate a particular fact related to her own work. She comments with a personal note to this effect. 2.2.8 Annotation Comparing Segments between Publications.

A user wishes to annotate two or more parts of different publications in order to compare or contrast the targets. This may be to make a note about ucla pre-law university, two similar or related passages such as plagiarism, or to link part of an boston embedded resource to where it is university of michigan referenced elsewhere. For example, the joan rice user may wish to link appearances of the same character in multiple books, popular references to prior works, or examples of passages that contradict each other in ucla, scholarly literature. Enrique discovers three news articles about the clara association facebook same event which give very different accounts. He selects the pre-law fraternity university disagreeing numbers given in 13 dimensions string, each, and comments that he believes the lowest of the three and gives his rationale. Faith is ucla linking the tyler texas university transcriptions of song lyrics, published in various anthologies, together based on obscure references to particular real world people. She tags the segments with the person's identity in Wikipedia. A user wishes to annotate a digital publication in one format and have the annotation appear for pre-law university different representations of the same resource. For example, an annotation created on an EPUB should also be rendered on the equivalent PDF or HTML page. The annotation can be either on the publication level, or anchored to a particular part of the washington text. Annotations on embedded resources (such as images) that are embedded without identity in alternate representations are not considered in ucla fraternity of michigan, scope, for gsu pinkberry los angeles example annotating a part of an fraternity university of michigan image in an HTML page which is then embedded within the PDF representation of the georgia page.

Gerard is reading a book on motorsports that is published both online and reproduced as a PDF. Ucla Pre-law Of Michigan! He publishes an annotation about a span of text in the HTML version, and expects that it will appear in his tablet based reading platform after synchronization, where the same article is a PDF. Hailee reviews a scholarly article in a dedicated client on george, her computer, where the article is a print-ready PDF. The same review should be also linked to the article in the publisher's online HTML based system. A user wishes to annotate part of a publication for which she has multiple editions, or that is updated regularly, and have those annotations persist between versions of the same publication. If the publisher provides a new version of ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan, a publication, known to happen silently at times for string various reasons, then the annotations about the publication should be available on this new version rather than equally silently disappearing. As with any annotation that should be presented with more than just the resource it was created for, cross versioning allows for a wider audience and thus is a potential target for spammers. Ichiro wishes to annotate the ucla pre-law university of michigan first line of Hamlet in such a way that it should appear on all of the santa students copies of the play that the user has access to, rather than just the particular version that was open when the annotation was created. Jacinta is a teacher who wishes to annotate a text book in such as way that her annotations are visible to pre-law of michigan, her students even though they do not have the university number exact same version, but instead have acquired it from different retailers. This use case is particularly challenging to solve in ucla pre-law of michigan, environments in which identifiers for the work, rather than the particular version, do not exist. A user wishes to associate a particular style with an annotation, either for gsu pinkberry los angeles the comment or the pre-law university delineation of the target of the annotation.

The style should include any rendering attributes available, such as background or text color, border color and other attributes, font size, and so forth. When colors or styles associated with annotations are meaningful to georgia contact number, an individual, to a particular group, or just generally, a text label should be able to be associated with the annotation drawn from a list of terms (taxonomy) or free text, in order to assist with accessbility. Ken draws a bounding box on an image of the night sky, and wishes to ensure that his client in the future will draw the box in bright green to stand out, and certainly not to draw it in the default black which would be unable to be seen. Lynda highlights parts of a non-fiction text in two colors that have meaning to her; red strikethrough is statements that she disagrees with, and green background is for statements that she does agree with. These styles must be maintained for ucla pre-law the highlights to be of any use in the future. 2.3.4 Maintaining Annotation Layout. A user wishes for their annotations to be presented at a particular location on the page, such that the boston layout of the annotations doesn't interfere with the reading of the university of michigan publication. For example, annotations could be styled as a particular height and width, and then put into the margins of the page or over top of other white space. Annotations could be visually ordered such that reading them in the presented order gave a better experience than reading them in the order of the targets within the boston gsu pinkberry los angeles publication.

Thirdly, the layout could be used for organization of thoughts concerning the publication by moving all of the related annotations together spatially. The location could be expressed as CSS absolute or relative positioning. Maurice is reading a fixed-layout work and positions his annotations above whitespace in the text with arrows to the character span that they refer to. By doing this, he means to ensure that they do not interfere with other consumers' reading of the content while still having his comments visible. Nadia is a publisher and lays out the author's annotations on ucla fraternity, a novel in such a way that they aid the reader in understanding how the author was thinking about his characters. She expects that the annotations will remain where they are placed, as this is important to the user's experience. 2.3.5 Recording State of Changing, Online Resources. A user wishes to annotate the publication as it appears with dynamic resources in boston university gsu pinkberry, a particular state, or in terms of the web architecture, given a particular representation. Ucla Fraternity University! Resources on the web may change their representation over time or may have multiple representations at the same time via content negotiation. The URI of the resource alone is thus not sufficient to determine the representation that was delivered to the annotator, and additional information such as the time of the request and the HTTP headers sent must be recorded.

Owen annotates an santa university indian facebook online travel publication that is frequently updated with the latest information, such as the prices of pre-law fraternity of michigan, hotel rooms and the quality of restaurants in the area. He wants his annotation to be associated with the current state of the work, and not necessarily any future state. Petra is reading a book that dynamically embeds images via a service. The JPG format that is used by tyler texas a particular publication is rendered with too high a compression level, and university, it is hard to clara association facebook, understand compared to the original PNG format. She thus wishes to comment only on the JPG that it is university of michigan hard to see, rather than on the PNG which shares the same negotiable URI. 2.3.6 Recording State of User Manipulated Resources. A user wishes to ty mapp university, annotate a publication with embedded, dynamic resources. These resources are able to be manipulated by the user, rather than via the HTTP protocol or simple change over time.

Some number of manipulations must be performed in order for the target of the annotation to fraternity of michigan, be visible or understandable, regardless of the accuracy of the description of the target segment. The consuming user agent should then be able to boston university los angeles, reproduce these manipulations in order to ucla pre-law fraternity of michigan, allow a third party to see the resource as annotated. Quinn is studying a publication that embeds a 3 dimensional model of a protein structure that can be rotated, panned and zoomed. In one particular orientation a certain feature is easily visible, whereas from other viewpoints it is not. He wishes for his annotation on the feature to be displayed with that same view to make it easier for the consumer to understand. Ramona highlights some text in a page that is responsive to user interactions and preferences. The text is a dynamic transcription of a medieval manuscript, where her options change how the abbreviations and spelling are presented from either exactly how they appear on the page to what a modern reader would understand. She wishes to annotate the expanded text, as she thinks the editor has made a mistake with a particular revision. This use case is particularly challenging to solve in the generic case rather than with media specific solutions. 2.3.7 Annotation has a Choice of Multiple, Dependent Bodies or Targets. A user wishes to rice, annotate a publication or part thereof with multiple options for the body or target.

The options are thus dependent on each other, and only one of the options should be displayed to the user. This might include translations of the same comment, alternative formats for the same content, and alternative URLs that all make the same content available. Solomon speaks both Japanese and ucla university of michigan, English, and wishes to provide translations of his comment in boston gsu pinkberry los angeles, both languages. He teaches English as a foreign language in ucla fraternity of michigan, Japan, and his students should be able to choose whether to view it in one language or the tyler gentry texas other. Teynika annotates a paper that is published in pre-law fraternity, multiple locations, however the representations are identical. Euroheat 13 Dimensions! One copy is in a subject based repository, the pre-law of michigan other in tyler gentry tech university, her institutional repository. She wishes to explicitly link both of the targets to ucla pre-law, ensure her annotation can be presented along with at least one copy of the paper from the most convenient location to george university, the consumer. 2.3.8 Annotation has Multiple, Dynamically Defined Targets. A user wishes to target segments of a resource that appear more than once in that resource, termed here a repeated segment. The user does not necessarily know the pre-law fraternity of michigan exact number of times the repeated segment appears in georgia university contact number, the resource; the interpretation of the annotation is understood to be independent of the number of instances of the repeated segment.

Ulrich, a copy editor, creates an annotation proposing a correction to replace all instances of the string pleaf'd with the string pleas'd. Essentially the annotation is proposing a search and replace operation of the sort ubiquitous in fraternity university, modern word processing systems. University! Veronica, a manufacturer, wishes to university of michigan, annotate all products of a certain class in his products database with a note that these items will go on sale next week for 15% off for 2 weeks only. 2.3.9 Determination of Annotation Validity after Target is Modified. A user annotates a publication with a correction to the text. The publisher then acts upon this annotation to correct the boston university mistake, or in the scholarly field potentially to retract the publication from the pre-law fraternity scientific record. After the correction has been made, the annotation no longer applies to georgia state university number, the publication and hence should not be displayed. It may be important not to delete the annotation, such that the user gets credit in some system for reporting the university of michigan correction. Boston University! The system that maintains the annotation may not be connected to the system that publishes the publication, and hence might not be able to ucla university, be updated. Wesley annotates a gaming manual with a correction as to which controls are needed to perform a particular move.

The publisher re-issues a new copy of the e. strassmann manual after the correction has been made to avoid other users having the same frustration. Quinn's annotation should not appear on the new version. Xena annotates a typo in how her name is ucla pre-law of michigan spelt (two 'n's instead of one) in a book about the research in her field. Georgia State Contact! Once the ucla pre-law university second 'n' has been removed, the annotation should be considered resolved and no longer displayed. This use case is particularly challenging to solve in joan university, the generic case rather than within specific systems that understand the motivation of the annotation and when it has been resolved.

2.3.10 Determination of Annotation Validity for Embedded Resources. A user annotates an embedded resource, such as an image, which is used in several places within a publication. The annotation is only valid, or relevant, when additional restrictions are in place and should not be displayed when those restrictions are not true. Yasir reads a publication in which the pre-law fraternity same headshot photograph is used for boston university gsu pinkberry two different people and wants to annotate the photograph to say that it is wrong when used on page 1, but not have the annotation displayed when the photograph is used correctly on page 3. Zoe wishes to comment that a company logo should only be used in the header on pre-law, every page, but nowhere else. 2.4.1 Sets of Annotations for a Publication. A publisher has one or more sets of annotations about a publication and wishes to supply those annotations along with the publication. Alternatively, a user might wish to university, supply their own annotations as a set for ucla pre-law of michigan other users.

These annotations could be comments by the author (in the same vein as DVD extras commentary), from famous readers, or simply pointers to related works. In an euroheat education setting, this functionality could be used to provide additional commentaries on of michigan, a text book or other publication that are intended to assist the indian students facebook student in understanding the material. The set(s) could also be sold separately as an of michigan upgrade package for the publication. The order of the euroheat 13 dimensions annotations may be important, for example to read the publication in chronological rather than narrative order, or by following the order of a class lectures rather than the order of the chapters in the text book. Pre-law University Of Michigan! The metadata about the collection of euroheat stanford 13 dimensions, annotations is also important, such as who packaged them together and for what purpose. Anya works for a publishing house and has transformed the author's commentary on their steampunk novel into a set of annotations for university of michigan sale. The company wishes to have them available as an ty mapp washington university add-on for customers that have already bought the novel, and ucla pre-law university, also in a bundle for new sales. Bob is santa indian association a PhD student studying a famous detective story set in London. He works out a walking route that takes the user through all of the locations in pre-law fraternity university, the book in an optimal fashion, which is not the same order as the narrative, and wants to publish his annotations about the locations in that sequence. A user wishes to save the annotation that they have created in order to retrieve it later, regardless of whether it is finished or not.

The Annotation should be given a unique and resolvable identifier. The user may wish to save the annotation in their own system, rather than the gsu pinkberry system which provides the resource being annotated. The user may equally wish to save the ucla university annotation in multiple systems. The annotation should persist in local storage if the user is offline, and be persisted globally once the connection is re-established. In the university interim, a locally unique identifier should be assigned to the annotation. Multiple copies of the annotation should reference each other, if possible.

Catherine writes an ucla university of michigan annotation about an astronomy publication and wants to santa university students, save it both in her own system and ucla pre-law, remotely for rice others. Doug writes an annotation about ucla pre-law fraternity university, Greek mythology which becomes popular and is syndicated widely across many systems after its initial publication online. The syndicated copies refer back to joan rice university, the original source, which he uses for credit towards promotion. 2.4.3 User or System Initiated Transfers between Systems. Either the user or the system requests that all or some subset of annotations that are maintained be transferred to another system. If the user requests it, then this enables an export functionality such that the user's annotations can be exported to pre-law fraternity university of michigan, another platform or device. If the state university system requests it, then this enables a synchronization functionality where the pre-law fraternity user's annotations will be maintained in multiple locations for ease of use and preservation, or aggregation for analysis. Both such cases should use the same mechanism. Eileen has two devices that are on the same network. The devices are set to synchronize her annotations whenever they detect each other. Frank has written a lot of annotations on a plane trip while offline.

When he gets home, he manually requests that his device upload all of the annotations to a preferred server. 2.4.4 Annotation (or Part) is not Published Openly. A user wishes to keep their annotations or personal notes private, or only gsu pinkberry los angeles share with a small group of people such as a reading group, academic research group or only with a set of friends in a social network. Even if the ucla pre-law fraternity user wishes to keep their annotations private, the ability to transfer the annotations between devices is desirable, so that they be used regardless of the particular reading platform. The user may also wish to keep only university contact some aspect of the annotation private, for example the comment should be protected, while the annotation graph can be shared openly, or vice versa. Regular web based authentication and authorization structures should be used to ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan, enable this functionality in an online environment to ensure interoperability. Gabby publishes her annotation on the effects of a particular pharmaceutical product in an authenticated environment in which only her and her colleagues can see it.

Hadrien publishes his annotation openly so that other systems can see the linkage between the resources, but the comment itself is protected by boston university los angeles an authentication system and paywall. 2.4.5 Publication (or Part) is ucla pre-law fraternity university of michigan not Published Openly. A user wishes to annotate a resource the she has access to, but requires authentication and/or authorization to view or annotate. The annotation should not circumvent or allow the circumvention of this DRM, for state contact example by reproducing the content of the target publication. Isabelle annotates a closed access journal article that she has access to ucla pre-law university of michigan, while at university. When she is travelling, she no longer has access to the article as the system uses the IP range of her institution to determine availability. Jason works for the closed access journal publisher and is concerned that the annotation Elana made quotes some of the ty mapp george protected text, and if someone were to annotate the entire text, it would break their authorization model. 2.4.6 User is Notified when Annotations are Created.

A user wishes to ucla pre-law university, be informed when a resource, or set of santa university facebook, resources, is annotated. They do not necessarily want to fraternity university of michigan, have the annotation sent to them, just be alerted to the existence of new annotations. The notification should be pushed to the user's agent, rather than requiring active participation on the user's behalf. Katelynn is a reporter for ty mapp a newspaper, and wishes to keep track of when her articles are commented on so that she can either update the content or reply to discussion. Luke is interested in a topic in fraternity, a wiki, and wants to be notified whenever another user comments on the pages so he can ensure his knowledge is rice up to date. 2.5 Accessibility and Internationalization. 2.5.1 Using Annotation for Contributing Accessibility Information.

An annotation provider (personal or retailer) wishes to provide annotations that give additional information about resources for the purposes of accessibility. Mary annotates an image with an audio file that records her description of the image. This audio file can then simply be played by a user agent to a visually impaired user. Ucla Fraternity University! Nathan annotates the text transcription of a segment of video to the appropriate place in the video stream. The transcription can be displayed to someone unable to tyler texas, hear the audio part of the ucla pre-law university video, or when the user agent does not have sound capability.

Users need to easily become aware of and find highlights or annotations, particularly when using a screen reader, a small screen, or seeking sparse annotations in a lengthy work. Olga is reading a long work about warfare that is not heavily annotated. She wishes to skip ahead to the next interesting section, and santa clara university indian, thus needs to university, have some way to visualize the joan e. strassmann university location of the annotations that others have made on the work. Pedro is using a screen reader, and wishes to have the option to listen to the annotations when they are available or to skip past them. Whenever the system encounters an annotation it gives an of michigan audio clue that tapping the screen will prompt the device to pause reading to convey the content of the annotation. 2.5.3 Using Annotation for Contributing Internationalization Information. A user wishes to provide internationalization information for a document that they don't control, such as a translation for ty mapp george a particularly complex phrase, or whether automated translation systems should explicitly not translate a given phrase. Questa has implemented a machine translation system that generates reliable Dutch translations and has it scheduled to run on commonly updated English-language sites, before publishing to a well-known annotation server in the Netherlands. Reece is a scholar in fraternity university of michigan, Ancient Greek, and routinely provides translations for online texts when they have been transcribed from museum objects.

He wishes to joan e. strassmann university, make his translations available to both the museums and anyone who visits their online exhibitions. The following requirements are summarized from the ucla pre-law use cases presented above.