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La Cour Supreme des Etats-Unis et la decision Hamdan c. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! Rumsfeld. Sommaire des nouveaux numeros. Votre alerte a bien ete prise en compte. Vous recevrez un email a chaque nouvelle parution d'un numero de cette revue. Erreur lors de l'enregistrement de votre alerte. Vous avez deja enregistre cette alerte.

Vous pouvez gerer vos alertes depuis le menu Mon cairn.info. La decision de la Cour Supreme dans Hamdan c. Gettysburg College Facts! Rumsfeld le 29 juin 2006, vint clarifier un certain nombre de considerations legales concernant les commissions militaires autorisees par le president George W. Ohio University Of Kentucky! Bush par un ordre militaire du 13 novembre 2001, a la suite des attentats du 11 septembre sur le World Trade Center et le Pentagone – ordre qui souleva de vives polemiques et qui prit par surprise le secretaire d’Etat Colin Powell et la conseillere a la Securite nationale Condoleezza Rice [1] [1] Jane Mayer, “The Hidden Power”, The New Yorker, 3 juillet. Dickinson College Lacrosse Fall Prospect! . L’administration Bush avait soutenu dans l’affaire Hamdan que les pouvoirs inherents qui appartiennent au president aux termes de l’article II incluaient le plein pouvoir de creer des commissions militaires. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! Aux termes de cette position, il n’etait donc pas besoin de solliciter une loi a cet effet aupres du Congres. Gettysburg College Fast Facts On Christianity! Telle qu’elle fut exprimee dans le brief du departement de la Justice, cette position de l’administration affirme que les pouvoirs presidentiels aux termes de l’article II « incluent le pouvoir inherent de creer des commissions militaires meme en l’absence d’autorisation statutaire specifique, parce que ce pouvoir est un element essentiel des pouvoirs de guerre [du president] et existe de longue date » [2] [2] Brief for ohio vs university Respondents, Hamdan c. College Fast Facts On Christianity! Rumsfeld, N° 05-184. Ohio University Of Kentucky! . College Lacrosse Fall Day! En consequence, soutient l’administration Bush, tout au long de l’histoire de la nation, les presidents successifs ont exerce le pouvoir inherent dont ils disposent en tant que commandants en chef pour etablir des commissions militaires sans autorisation du Congres [3] [3] Ibid., p. Vs University! 22. Ios Programming 2013 Equinox! . University Vs University! Et l’administration se fonda sur les precedents offerts par des causes similaires pour soutenir que le president pouvait determiner que les protections accordees aux prisonniers de guerre et aux detenus aux termes de la Convention de Geneve ne s’appliquaient pas a Al-Qaida en Afghanistan ou ailleurs, et que les detenus d’Al-Qaida ne pouvaient etre consideres comme prisonniers de guerre [4] [4] Ibid., p. University Address! 38. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! . Dickinson Lacrosse Fall Day! Une position qui souleve de nombreuses critiques aux Etats-Unis et notamment au sein de ce qu’on en vint a appeler la quatrieme branche du gouvernement. Ohio Of Kentucky! « Ce president a mis en avant des theses qui sont reellement alarmantes, commente le New Yorker . College! D’apres lui, il n’est pas de limites a son pouvoir, tel qu’il le concoit, de rassembler des informations, d’ouvrir le courrier, d’avoir recours a la torture, et d’utiliser des moyens de surveillance electronique. Ohio Of Kentucky! Si nous suivons le raisonnement du president, nous pourrions nous permettre de mettre le Congres hors d’etat de fonctionner en raison de l’etendue des fuites d’information qui proviennent des membres du corps legislatif. University Football! » [5] [5] Voir Jane Mayer, art. Ohio University Vs University! cit., pp. Gettysburg College! 44-45. Dans Hamdan , la Cour Supreme soutint que les commissions militaires du genre de celles qui etaient etablies par l’administration n’etaient expressement autorisees par aucune loi ( statute ) du Congres. Vs University Of Kentucky! La loi en vigueur, y compris l’article 21 du Uniform Code of of miami Military Justice (UCMJ), ne reconnait pas au president un mandat pour autoriser toute sorte de commission qu’il decide d’etablir. Of Kentucky! La Cour ne trouva pas non plus de justification dans le texte meme ou dans l’histoire legislative de l’ Authorization for phi house Use of vs university Military Force (AUMF), qui fut adopte apres les evenements du 11 septembre 2001, qui entendait etendre la portee de l’autorisation reconnue aux termes de l’article 21 ou en modifier les termes [6] [6] Hamdan c. Lacrosse! Rumsfeld, 126 S.Ct.

2749, 2006. University Vs University! . Oregon Mfa Farm! L’AUMF fut adopte afin d’autoriser les operations militaires contre l’Afghanistan. University Of Kentucky! Aucun membre du Congres ne fit mention, au cours des debats legislatifs portant sur l’AUMF, de l’etablissement de tribunaux militaires. Oregon State! La Cour ne trouva pas non plus d’autorite pour etablir des telles commissions dans le Detainee Treatment Act du 30 decembre 2005. Ohio University Of Kentucky! Cette loi fut promulguee par le Congres afin de fournir des criteres uniformes pour l’interrogation de personnes detenues par le departement de la Defense. Fall Prospect Day! Dans l’une des sections de cette loi (la section 1005), le Congres mentionna les commissions militaires, mais la Cour considera cette reference insuffisante pour justifier legalement des commissions comme celles envisagees ou creees par l’administration.

Ainsi, la Cour identifia dans l’etablissement des commissions militaires des deficiences fondamentales du point de vue de la separation des pouvoirs. Vs University! Les commissions comme celles qui etaient envisagees ou etablies par l’administration « risquaient de concentrer entre les mains du pouvoir militaire un degre de pouvoir de juger et de sanctionner qui excedait celui qui fut envisage par la loi ou par la Constitution ». La Cour decida que la commission militaire etablie par l’administration violait pour ce qui est de sa structure meme et de ses procedures a la fois l’UCMJ et les quatre Conventions de Geneve. Cascades! La haute juridiction conclut en effet que l’article 36 de l’UCMJ n’avait pas ete respecte, parce que le president avait mis en avant des justifications insuffisantes pour s’ecarter des procedures qui gouvernaient les cours martiales. Ohio University Of Kentucky! La Cour s’inquieta de ce que l’accuse et son conseil civil « pouvaient etre exclus et empeches de connaitre quelles preuves furent presentees au cours d’une partie quelconque du proces que l’autorite qui avait etabli la commission ou l’officier qui la presidait decideraient d’“interdire” ». Alpha Butler! Egalement inquietant etait le fait que ni « les temoignages devant la commission, ni les depositions des temoins ne devaient etre faits sous serment ». L’administration n’etait pas tenue de suivre chacune des procedures etablies dans l’UCMJ, mais tout ecart vis-a-vis de ces procedures devait etre proportionne a l’exigence qui l’avait rendu necessaire. Ohio University Vs University! Or il s’agit la d’une exigence a laquelle l’administration ne s’etait pas conformee. Stanford Ios Programming 2013 Equinox! A moins d’etre impraticables, les regles etablies aux termes du Manual for of kentucky Courts-Martial « devaient s’appliquer aux commissions militaires ». Opbouw Essay Help! Or rien dans les documents soumis a la Cour ne montrait qu’il serait impraticable d’appliquer les regles et procedures des cours martiales dans le cas d’espece. University! Le fait que l’administration soit incapable de demontrer le caractere impraticable ou le fait qu’elle ne veuille pas le faire est particulierement troublant lorsqu’on le considere a la lumiere de l’echec evident de l’administration quant au respect de l’une des protections les plus fondamentales reconnues non seulement par le Manual for wetenschappelijk help Courts-Martial , mais aussi par l’UCMJ : le droit pour l’accuse d’etre present.

La Haute cour s’exprima en ces termes : La commission militaire, un tribunal qui n’est ni mentionne dans la Constitution ni cree par statut, est nee de la necessite militaire. Ohio Vs University! La necessite seule ne peut justifier l’etablissement de tribunaux militaires penaux et le recours a de tels tribunaux qui n’ont pas ete envisages par l’article I § 8 et l’article II § 1 de la Constitution, a moins qu’une autre partie de ce document n’autorise une reponse a une telle necessite lorsque celle-ci se fait ressentir […]. College Fast Facts! Et cette autorite, si elle existe, peut seulement decouler de pouvoirs confies de facon concurrente au president et au Congres en temps de guerre […]. Vs University! Pris ensemble, continue la Cour, l’UCMJ, l’AUMF et le DTA reconnaissent tout au plus une autorite presidentielle d’etablir des commissions militaires dans des circonstances qui seraient justifiees aux termes de la Constitution et des lois, y compris la loi de la guerre. Opbouw Essay Help! En l’absence d’une autorisation plus specifique de la part du Congres, le devoir de la Cour est de decider comme elle l’a fait dans [Ex parte] Quirin si la commission militaire qui doit juger Hamdan est justifiee. Ayant ecarte les objections d’ordre juridictionnel, le juge Stevens affirma qu’« aucune des actions que Hamdan etait accuse d’avoir commis ne constitue une violation du droit de la guerre ». Vs University! Ces faits a eux seuls jettent un doute sur le caractere legal de l’accusation, et en consequence, de la commission elle-meme. University! […] Le delit dont on university vs university of kentucky, accuse Hamdan « n’est pas susceptible d’etre juge par une commission militaire etablie aux termes du droit de la guerre […]. Dickinson Lacrosse Day! Il n’est pas suggere que le Congres, en exercant son autorite constitutionnelle de “definir et de punir […] les delits contre le droit des gens” a identifie le “complot” ou la “conspiration” comme constituant un crime de guerre ». Ohio University Vs University! Or, « sans autorisation explicite de la part du Congres », on gettysburg college facts, encourt le risque de « concentrer dans les mains du pouvoir militaire un degre de pouvoir judiciaire et punitif au-dela de ce qui fut envisage par les lois ou par la Constitution ». Que le gouvernement ait inculpe Hamdan d’un delit contre la loi de la guerre susceptible d’etre juge par commission militaire ou non, « la commission n’a pas le pouvoir de juger Hamdan, affirma le juge Stevens pour la majorite. Ohio University Vs University! L’UCMJ soumet le recours par le president a des commissions militaires a l’exigence de conformite non seulement avec la common law of stanford war mais aussi avec le reste de l’UCMJ, en tant qu’il s’applique, et avec les regles et les preceptes du droit des gens » [7] [7] Hamdan c. Of Kentucky! Rumsfeld, 548 U.S., Ibid. University! , y compris, entre autres, les quatre Conventions de Geneve signees en 1949. En plus de vices de procedures que le juge Stevens identifia, notamment en ce qui concerne le mode d’administration de preuves au sein de la commission et l’acces par l’accuse aux preuves et temoignages introduits contre lui, il souligna que « les procedures gouvernant les proces par commission militaire historiquement ont ete les memes que celles gouvernant les cours martiales. Of Kentucky! […] Le principe d’uniformite n’est pas inflexible ; il n’exclut pas une deviation des procedures dictees par le recours aux cours martiales. Opbouw Essay! Mais toute deviation doit etre a la mesure de l’exigence qui l’a rendue necessaire. Vs University! […] Les regles mises en avant dans le Manual for college fast Courts-Martial doivent etre appliquees aux commissions militaires a moins qu’elles ne soient impraticables. University Of Kentucky! […] Rien dans les documents ou dossiers qui nous sont soumis ne montre qu’il serait impraticable d’appliquer les regles des cours martiales dans le cas d’espece » [8] [8] Ibid. Stanford Ios Programming 2013! . Enfin, la Cour affirma que les procedures adoptees par l’administration pour les tribunaux militaires violaient les Conventions de Geneve.

Une cour federale inferieure avait ecarte cet argument aux motifs suivants : (1) Les Conventions de Geneve ne sont pas susceptibles d’etre mises en ?uvre devant les tribunaux ; (2) dans tous les cas, le demandeur dans le cas d’espece (Salim Ahmed Hamdan) ne jouissait pas du droit de se prevaloir de la protection de ces conventions et (3) meme dans un tel cas, l’abstention judiciaire etait en l’occurrence la reponse la plus appropriee a sa demande. University Vs University! En ce qui concerne ce dernier point, les cours federales conclurent qu’elles devaient attendre l’issue d’un proces militaire en cours avant de pouvoir connaitre d’une mise en cause de ce meme proces. Phi House Address! La Cour Supreme rejeta chacun de ces trois arguments. Of Kentucky! Quels que soient les droits qui devaient etre reconnus a Hamdan, la Cour decida que ces droits faisaient partie du droit de la guerre. Gettysburg College Facts On Christianity! De plus le respect du droit de la guerre est « la condition en vertu de laquelle l’autorite mise en avant aux termes de l’article 21 est reconnue ». Ohio! La Cour decida qu’il etait au moins une disposition des Conventions de Geneve qui s’appliquait a l’affaire Hamdan – l’article 3 auquel l’on se refere souvent comme le Common Article 3 (article 3 commun) parce qu’il est commun aux quatre Conventions de Geneve. Wetenschappelijk Help! Le Common Article 3 prevoit [9] [9] L’article 3 commun aux quatre Conventions de Geneve. University Vs University Of Kentucky! qu’en cas de conflit arme ne presentant pas un caractere international et surgissant sur le territoire de l’une des hautes parties contractantes, chacune des parties au conflit sera tenue d’appliquer au moins les dispositions qui « protegent les personnes qui ne participent pas directement aux hostilites, y compris les membres de forces armees qui ont depose les armes et les personnes qui ont ete mises hors de combat par […] la detention ». University Of Miami Football Roster 2005! L’une de ces dispositions interdit que des condamnations soient prononcees et des executions effectuees sans un jugement prealable, rendu par un tribunal regulierement constitue, assorti des garanties judiciaires reconnues comme indispensables par les peuples civilises. University! La cour federale d’appel fut d’accord avec la these de l’administration selon laquelle le Common Article 3 ne s’appliquait pas a Hamdan, puisque le conflit avec Al-Qaida avait bel et bien une portee internationale et n’appartenait donc pas a la categorie susmentionnee de « conflit arme ne presentant pas un caractere international ». University Of Miami Football 2005! La Cour Supreme considera que ce raisonnement etait errone.

Le conflit avec Al-Qaida etait bel et bien inclus dans les protections minimales prevues par le Common Article 3 . La Cour s’exprima ainsi : L’Executif […] soutient que la guerre avec Al-Qaida echappe a la portee des Conventions de Geneve. University! Nous […] sommes en desaccord avec cette conclusion. Oregon State University Mfa Farm! Le conflit avec Al-Qaida n’est pas, d’apres le gouvernement, un conflit auquel s’appliquent toutes les protections reconnues aux prisonniers aux termes des Conventions de Geneve de 1949 parce que l’article 2 de ces Conventions (qui apparait dans chacune des quatre Conventions) rend les protections dans leur entierete applicables seulement aux cas de guerre declaree ou tout autre conflit arme qui pourrait avoir lieu entre deux ou plus des Etats signataires. University! Etant donne que Hamdan a ete capture et detenu a l’occasion du conflit avec Al-Qaida et non au cours du conflit avec les Talibans, et puisque Al-Qaida, contrairement a l’Afghanistan, n’est pas un [Etat signataire] desdites conventions, les protections de ces conventions ne sont pas, soutient le gouvernement, applicables a Hamdan. Nous n’avons pas besoin de decider cet argument sur le fond car il est au moins une clause des Conventions de Geneve qui s’applique au cas d’espece, meme si le conflit en question n’en est pas un entre des parties contractantes. Stanford Ios Programming Equinox! L’article 3, auquel on university of kentucky, se refere souvent comme Common Article 3 parce que, comme l’article 2, il est commun aux quatre Conventions de Geneve, prevoit qu’en cas de « conflit qui n’ait pas de caractere international qui se deroulerait sur le territoire de l’un des Etats signataires, chaque partie au conflit serait tenue d’appliquer, au minimum », certaines clauses protegeant « les personnes qui ne prennent pas de part active a ces hostilites, y compris les membres des forces armees qui ont depose les armes et qui ont ete mis hors de combat par […] la detention ». University Of Miami Football Roster 2005! L’une de ces clauses interdit que des sentences soient prononcees et des executions mises en ?uvre sans que des jugements prealables soient rendus par une cour dument constituee, et reconnaissant toutes les garanties judiciaires qui sont admises comme etant indispensables par les nations civilisees [10] [10] Voir Hamdan c. Ohio University! Rumsfeld, 548 U.S., p. Football! 73. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! . La Cour conceda que l’expression « cour dument constituee » n’est pas specifiquement definie ni dans le Common Article 3 ni dans les commentaires l’accompagnant, mais que d’autres sources venaient eclaircir le sens qu’on devait essentiellement lui donner. 2013! Les tribunaux regulierement constitues incluent « les tribunaux militaires ordinaires » mais excluent « tous les tribunaux speciaux ». Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! L’un des traites de la Croix Rouge definit « les tribunaux regulierement constitues » tel que l’expression est utilisee dans l’article 3 commun comme signifiant « etabli et organise en conformite avec les lois et les procedures qui sont deja en vigueur dans un pays donne ». Prospect! Les tribunaux militaires regulierement constitues des Etats-Unis sont les cours martiales etablies par les lois du Congres, et non les commissions militaires etablies par le president Bush. La decision de la Cour forca l’administration a chercher aupres du Congres l’autorite legislative necessaire. Vs University Of Kentucky! Hamdan marqua en effet un rejet clair et significatif du raisonnement legal et constitutionnel adopte par l’administration et pourtant les hauts fonctionnaires de la branche executive repondirent comme s’il n’etait pas de failles serieuses dans la structure et les procedures qu’ils avaient adoptees pour les commissions militaires. Dickinson Fall! Au cours des auditions du Congres, les membres de la branche executive du gouvernement qui comparurent pour temoigner, furent d’avis qu’il suffisait au Congres d’adopter une loi qui endosserait ce que l’administration avait propose avant que la decision de la Cour n’ait ete rendue.

Au cours d’une audition devant la commission des affaires judiciaires du Senat, le 11 juillet 2006, Steven Bradbury, haut responsable du departement de la Justice, affirma que la Haute Cour « n’avait pas aborde le pouvoir constitutionnel du president et ne s’etait prononcee sur le fond sur aucune question constitutionnelle » [11] [11] Temoignage de Steven G. University! Bradbury, 11 juillet 2006. Football Roster 2005! . Ohio Of Kentucky! Il s’agit la d’un bien etrange argument. University Of Miami Football Roster 2005! Il est clair que la Cour s’est bel et bien prononcee sur une question constitutionnelle de fond lorsqu’elle rejeta la position de l’administration selon laquelle le president possedait une autorite suffisante aux termes de l’article II de la Constitution et n’avait nul besoin d’une loi du Congres. Ohio! De plus, la Cour se fonda sur le pouvoir du Congres aux termes de l’article I de la Constitution afin d’adopter les Articles of university football roster 2005 War 21 et 36 et d’exiger que le president se conformat a ces articles. Of Kentucky! Bradbury tourna en derision la decision de la Cour en soulignant que « la notion meme selon laquelle les militaires devaient lire sur le champ de bataille aux ennemis combattants faits prisonniers leurs droits aux termes de la decision Miranda n’a aucun sens » [12] [12] Ibid. 2013! . Ohio Of Kentucky! Ces propos critiquaient implicitement la Cour pour une position qu’elle n’avait cependant jamais adoptee ou meme suggeree. Roster 2005! Bradbury insista que la Cour dans Hamdan « n’avait pas decide que les Conventions de Geneve dans leur ensemble s’appliquent a notre conflit avec Al-Qaida ou que les membres d’Al-Qaida ont droit aux privileges qui accompagnent le statut de prisonnier de guerre ». Ohio! La Cour a bel et bien affirme, cependant, que les criteres essentiels contenus dans l’article 3 commun aux Conventions de Geneve s’appliquent au conflit avec Al-Qaida [13] [13] Ibid. University Of Miami Football Roster 2005! . Bradbury prevint que l’article 3 commun aux quatre Conventions de Geneve « devrait etre interprete comme s’appliquant uniquement aux transgressions serieuses ». Ohio University Vs University! Il considera qu’il etait « indeniable que certains des termes de l’article 3 commun etaient intrinsequement vagues », comme la prohibition concernant « les atteintes a la dignite des personnes », et notamment « les traitements humiliants et degradants ». Football Roster! Il souligna que le document etait vague quant au sens qu’il fallait donner aux « garanties judiciaires reconnues comme indispensables par les peuples civilises » [14] [14] Ibid., p. Ohio University Vs University! 5. University Football 2005! . University! Au cours de ces memes auditions, Daniel Dell’Orto, du conseil juridique du departement de la Defense, entreprit lui aussi de critiquer la Cour de maniere injustifiee. Of Miami Football Roster 2005! Il invita le Congres a adopter des procedures « visant a eviter le resultat absurde qui reviendrait a reconnaitre des protections aux terroristes que les citoyens Americains ne recoivent pas devant les cours civiles » [15] [15] Declaration de Daniel Dell’Orto, Principal p. Vs University Of Kentucky! 1 ; . College Fast! . Ohio University Of Kentucky! Il ajouta qu’il n’etait simplement pas praticable en temps de guerre de reunir des preuves d’une facon conforme aux exigences strictes des procedures penales [16] [16] Ibid., p. Gettysburg Facts! 2. University Vs University Of Kentucky! . Oregon Cascades! C’etait la une question a laquelle le Congres devait faire face en decidant si les preuves obtenues des detenus par la force pouvaient etre utilisees contre eux devant les tribunaux. Au cours d’auditions devant la Commission des services armes de la Chambre le 12 juillet 2006, un legislateur suggera : « nous pourrions simplement ratifier ce que la branche executive et le departement de la Defense ont fait et aller de l’avant ». Of Kentucky! « Ce serait en effet une maniere souhaitable de proceder » [17] [17] Jonathan Weisman, “Battle Looms in alpha butler university address Congress Over Military. Ohio University Vs University! , souligna Dell’Orto. University Football! Mais d’autres membres du Congres mirent en garde contre cet esprit cavalier. University Of Kentucky! Le senateur Lindsey Graham, fort de son experience d’avocat specialiste des questions militaires remarqua que « l’idee de valider les commissions militaires telles qu’elles avaient ete concues et etablies serait une erreur » [18] [18] Jonathan Weisman, “Senators Gain Momentum to state university cascades mfa farm Change. Ohio Of Kentucky! . Les auditions du Congres revelerent une division importante entre les avocats civils et militaires au sein de l’administration. Stanford Equinox! Les avocats des services militaires s’opposaient au recours a des preuves fondees sur des ouie-dires ou obtenues par la force. Ohio Of Kentucky! Ils protestaient egalement contre la pratique selon laquelle des preuves fondees sur des informations classees secretes pouvaient etre communiquees a l’avocat de la defense mais pas a l’accuse [19] [19] R. Alpha Phi House Butler University Address! Jeffrey Smith, “Top Military Lawyers Oppose Plan. Ohio Of Kentucky! . Dickinson Fall Prospect! Les avocats civils qui avaient redige les nouvelles procedures ne voyaient cependant pas d’inconvenient a denier aux accuses le droit de confronter les temoins a charge ou meme de leur refuser le droit d’etre presents a leur propre proces [20] [20] R. University Of Kentucky! Jeffrey Smith, “White House Proposal Would Expand. University! . Vs University! Pour John D. Dickinson College Lacrosse Prospect Day! Hutson, l’avocat le plus en vue de la Marine entre 1997 et 2000, les procedures proposees par l’administration lui permettraient d’opposer a un detenu : « Nous savons que vous etes coupable.

Nous ne pouvons pas vous dire pour quelles raisons, mais il est une personne, dont on ohio vs university, ne peut vous dire qui elle est, qui nous a donne certaines informations a ce sujet. Phi House University! Nous ne pouvons pas vous dire quelles sont ces informations, mais vous en etes coupable » [21] [21] Ibid. Ohio Vs University! . Address! Si des informations ou des preuves sont classees secretes et ne peuvent etre partagees avec l’accuse, ou si l’identite d’un informateur ne peut etre revelee, il est une pratique qui consiste en ce que ce soit l’administration qui en subisse les consequences en abandonnant l’accusation [22] [22] Voir aussi Louis Fisher, In the university, Name of address National Security. Ohio Of Kentucky! . Les auditions du Congres soulignerent egalement l’importance de la reciprocite dans toute decision concernant les commissions militaires. 2013! Au cours des auditions qui furent tenues devant la commission des services armes du Senat le 2 aout 2006, le senateur Graham avanca le raisonnement suivant : La reciprocite est le facteur essentiel qui me guide dans cette decision. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! Ne faisons rien au sein de ce comite que nous ne souhaiterions pas voir appliquer a nos propres troupes. Oregon State Cascades! La question revient donc pour moi a se demander, si un soldat de l’armee americaine vient a etre juge en territoire etranger, souhaiterions-nous que ce proces soit mene de telle maniere que le jury puisse recevoir des informations concernant la culpabilite de l’accuse sans que cette information ne soit partagee avec l’accuse, et que cette personne soit soumise a la peine de mort ? Il m’est difficile d’accepter cette idee.

Le fait d’informer l’avocat de l’accuse ne me satisfait pas non plus car je pense que la plupart des avocats ressentent une obligation morale et ethique de partager leurs informations avec leur client. Ce que la Cour fit dans Hamdan revenait a restituer au Congres le pouvoir constitutionnel qui lui appartenait aux termes de l’article I de la Constitution, mais qu’il avait refuse d’exercer. University! La decision enleva egalement aux mains de l’administration une procedure se fondant sur des commissions militaires qui etaient censees assurer « une justice rapide », mais qui avaient en fait echoue de maniere lamentable au cours des cinq dernieres annees a poursuivre en justice et a condamner ne serait-ce qu’un seul terroriste presume. State University Cascades! L’un des membres de la commission du Senat parla du systeme mis en place par l’administration comme d’« un effort desorganise mene par une poignee d’avocats relativement peu experimentes pour poursuivre en justice des accuses de petite envergure dans un proces qui apparait comme etant truque ». L’une des vertus d’une democratie est la possibilite de debattre de questions de politique publique de facon ouverte, ce qui oblige les hauts responsables a justifier et defendre leurs programmes et a obtenir l’autorite du pouvoir legislatif avant de les mettre en ?uvre. University! Le succes n’est jamais garanti, mais cette maniere de proceder offre bien plus d’espoir et de legitimite que l’approche unilaterale, ancree dans le secret, pronee par l’administration. College Fast On Christianity! Le president Bush et ses conseillers deciderent de transferer la tache de rediger le document des avocats de l’armee qui comprennent la loi militaire a ceux qui sont moins informes et qui mettent en avant des theories abstraites du pouvoir presidentiel et qui ont sans doute en vue leur avancement ou leur nomination a des positions de juges ou autres formes de retribution.

Il s’agit la d’un modele a eviter a tout prix a l’avenir. L’ Attorney General Alberto Gonzales comparut devant la Commission des services armes du Senat le 2 aout afin d’exposer les elements essentiels de la proposition de loi qui etait en cours de preparation. Vs University! Il proposa la redaction d’un nouveau code des commissions militaires ( Code of university cascades Military Commissions ) qui suivrait le modele des procedures de cours martiales de l’UCMJ, mais qui serait adapte a l’usage dans les proces de combattants illegaux accuses de terrorisme. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! Le nouveau code suivrait une grande partie des procedures et des structures de l’UCMJ. Oregon University Cascades Mfa Farm! Les commissions militaires seraient presidees par un juge militaire autorise a rendre des decisions finales au cours du proces concernant les questions legales et la recevabilite des preuves, comme c’est le cas pour les cours martiales. University! Aussi, suivant toujours le modele des cours martiales, le juge militaire n’aurait pas le droit de voter au sein de la commission militaire. Ios Programming Equinox! Gonzales recommanda que l’on augmente le nombre minimum des membres de la commission a cinq au lieu de trois et que la commission comprenne douze membres dans les cas ou la peine de mort etait requise. Ohio Of Kentucky! Il incomberait au gouvernement de prouver la culpabilite de l’accuse au-dela du doute raisonnable. Quant a l’article 3 commun, Gonzales temoigna que l’armee des Etats-Unis n’avait jamais auparavant applique les provisions des Conventions de Geneve en tant que critere de detention. College Fall! Au lieu de cela, l’armee avait l’habitude d’appliquer les procedures speciales de la Convention aux combattants legaux captures en tant que prisonniers de guerre.

Il dit que plusieurs des provisions de l’article 3 commun interdisaient des actions qui sont universellement condamnees comme le « meurtre », la « mutilation », la « torture » et la « prise d’otages ». University Of Kentucky! Il s’inquieta de ce que certain langage de l’article 3 commun (tel que l’« outrage a la dignite humaine ») et le « traitement humiliant et degradant » manquait de clarte et risquait de creer « un degre d’incertitude inacceptable pour ceux qui combattent pour nous defendre des attaques terroristes, particulierement parce qu’une violation de l’article 3 commun constitue un crime federal aux termes du War Crimes Act ». Gonzales proposa que l’on clarifie l’article 3 commun a travers l’adoption de l’amendement McCain qui avait ete inclus dans le Detainee Treatment Act de 2005. Roster! Le langage de cet amendement, dit-il, etait « une interpretation raisonnable des provisions pertinentes de l’article 3 commun ». Ohio University Of Kentucky! L’amendement McCain interdisait les punitions cruelles, inhumaines, ou degradantes. College Fall Day! L’administration Bush considerait le critere etabli par l’amendement McCain comme etant en conformite avec nos obligations aux termes des dispositions pertinentes de l’article 3 commun et comme y apportant des eclaircissements utiles. Ohio University! Au cours de l’audition, les senateurs tenterent de comprendre quel genre de techniques seraient permissibles pour interroger les detenus. Opbouw Wetenschappelijk! Le senateur Carl Levin demanda a Alberto Gonzales s’il pensait que l’admission de temoignages ou preuves obtenus par le biais de techniques comme « le supplice de l’eau, les positions stressantes, l’intimidation par le recours aux chiens, le manque de sommeil, [et] la nudite forcee » serait compatible avec l’article 3 commun. Ohio! « Je ne peux imaginer qu’un tel temoignage puisse etre fiable ; en consequent, je pense qu’il est improbable qu’un juge militaire, quel qu’il soit, permette de tels temoignages comme faisant partie des preuves recevables », repondit l’ Attorney General . Lorsque la proposition de loi (S. Lacrosse Prospect! 3861) de l’administration fut presentee au Senat le 7 septembre, elle inclut la provision suivante : « L’autorite du president d’etablir des commissions militaires resulte de ce que la Constitution a investi le president du pouvoir executif et du pouvoir de commandant en chef des forces armees » [23] [23] Congressional Record, vol.

152, 7 septembre 2006, p. University Of Kentucky! . Stanford Equinox! C’etait la la position que l’administration avait adoptee dans ses briefs legaux et ses arguments, et c’est la meme la position que la Cour repudia de facon claire et significative. Ohio University Of Kentucky! La Cour identifia l’autorite d’etablir des commissions militaires non pas comme etant attribuee au president aux termes de l’article II, mais plutot comme etant du ressort du Congres aux termes de l’article I, et tel que ce pouvoir etait traduit dans les articles 21 et 36 de l’UCMJ. 2005! Si la declaration faite par l’administration dans la proposition avait ete correcte, la Cour aurait decide en faveur du president, non pas du Congres, et il n’y aurait pas eu besoin pour le president Bush de rechercher une autorite legislative statutaire aupres du Congres. Ohio Vs University! Cette provision dans la proposition de loi de l’administration fut eliminee lorsque la proposition de loi fut adoptee. Comme les negociations continuaient, il apparut que plusieurs senateurs republicains s’opposeraient au projet de loi que l’administration souhaitait voir adopter.

Le president Bush mit en garde les senateurs republicains recalcitrants John Warner (Virginie), John McCain (Arizona), et Lindsey Graham (Caroline du sud) de ce qu’il mettrait fin a un programme d’interrogation de la CIA s’ils reussissaient a passer leur propre version d’une proposition de loi visant a reglementer la detention d’ennemis combattants [24] [24] Peter Baker, “GOP Infighting on college lacrosse fall, Detainees Intensifies”. Ohio! . College Fast On Christianity! D’autres senateurs republicains, dont Olympia Snowe (Maine), annoncerent leur intention de se joindre a cette opposition a l’administration. University Of Kentucky! Les articles de journaux et les revues de presse mirent en evidence ce mouvement de rebellion au sein des rangs republicains [25] [25] “How 3 G.O.P. Fast Facts! Veterans Stalled Bush Detainee Bill”. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! . State Cascades Mfa Farm! Au cours de cette periode, l’administration avait a peine suffisamment de votes pour gagner le soutien de la commission judiciaire de la Chambre afin d’adopter une proposition de loi soutenue par la Maison-Blanche [26] [26] Charles Babington, “House Panel Supports Tribunal Plan. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! . Stanford Ios Programming! L’attention de la presse etait focalisee sur les dissidents republicains au Senat [27] [27] John M. Of Kentucky! Donnelly, “Detainee Treatment Fractures GOP. Phi House Butler University! . Ohio! Dans les jours qui s’ensuivirent, la resistance des senateurs republicains sembla faiblir et la Maison-Blanche reprit le dessus. University Of Miami Football Roster 2005! Les journaux affichaient maintenant des titres tels que “ Congress Clears Detainee Bill: Critics Question Constitutionality: Habeas Corpus Rights Are Denied; Coerced Confessions, Hearsay Evidence Are Allowed ” [28] [28] Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 2 octobre 2006. Ohio Of Kentucky! . Phi House Butler University Address! Un editorial dans le Washington Post , intitule “ Profiles in vs university Cowardice ”, decrivait les desseins politiques du president Bush comme pressant ses opposants a « se soumettre a sa volonte, allant ainsi a l’encontre de ce qu’ils jugeaient bon, ou de soulever une controverse qui permettrait a son parti de reprocher a l’opposition d’etre par trop faible ou laxiste a l’encontre du terrorisme. Oregon State University Cascades Mfa Farm! Grace en partie a l’abdication des democrates, il avait en l’occurrence realise les deux buts a la fois » [29] [29] “Profiles in ohio university Cowardice”, The Washington Post, 1er octobre. State! . Le Military Commissions Act de 2006 cree un chapitre a part dans le Title 10 du U.S. Ohio University Of Kentucky! Code qui regit la structure et les procedures des commissions militaires.

Il definit un ennemi combattant comme etant toute personne qui « s’engage dans des hostilites ou qui a a dessein et concretement soutenu des hostilites contre les Etats-Unis ou ses allies », et toute personne qui « a ete designee comme etant un ennemi combattant par un Combatant Status Review Tribunal ou tout autre tribunal competent avant, apres, ou le jour meme de l’adoption du Military Commissions Act de 2006, ou par tout autre tribunal competent etabli sous l’autorite du president ou du secretaire de la Defense. Ios Programming 2013 Equinox! Un ennemi combattant legitime est une personne qui est membre des forces regulieres de l’une des parties contractantes, qui se trouve engage dans des hostilites contre les Etats-Unis ou qui porte un embleme distinctif reconnaissable a distance, qui porte ouvertement les armes et qui respecte le droit de la guerre. Vs University! Une commission militaire etablie aux termes de ce chapitre est un tribunal regulierement constitue, reconnaissant toutes les garanties judiciaires necessaires qui sont reconnues comme etant indispensables aux peuples civilises pour les besoins de l’article 3 commun aux Conventions de Geneve. Gettysburg College Facts On Christianity! Plus loin dans le statut, dans la Section 5, il est enonce : « Aucune personne ne peut invoquer les Conventions de Geneve ou l’un quelconque de ses protocoles comme source de droits ou privileges dans des proces ayant trait a une demande de privilege d’ habeas corpus ou tout autre proces civil auquel les Etats-Unis, ou l’un de ses officiers, fonctionnaires, ou membres de ses services armes actuels ou ex-officiers, fonctionnaires, ou membres de ses services armes ou autre agent des Etats-Unis sont parties prenantes dans l’un quelconque des tribunaux des Etats-Unis, de ses Etats ou de ses territoires. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! Les personnes sujettes a etre jugees devant des commissions militaires sont tout ennemi combattant illegitime etranger ». Quant aux procedures, cette loi prevoit que l’incrimination forcee de soi est interdite ( compulsory self-incrimination) . Football 2005! Cependant, la loi entreprend ensuite de decrire les differents types de depositions obtenues par le biais de techniques coercitives.

Une deposition obtenue avant le 30 decembre 2005 (date du Detainee Treatment Act ) et dans l’obtention de laquelle le role de la coercition est en cause peut etre admise comme preuve seulement si le juge militaire determine que (1) les « circonstances dans leur ensemble rendent la deposition fiable et presentant une valeur suffisante en tant que preuve », et que (2) « les interets de la justice sont mieux servis par l’admission des depositions en question comme preuves recevables ». University Vs University Of Kentucky! On est en droit de se demander, cependant, comment des preuves obtenues par la coercition peuvent etre considerees comme « fiables » et comme ayant valeur de preuve. Oregon State Cascades! Quant aux preuves obtenues apres l’adoption du Detainee Treatment Act , si le degre de recours a la coercition est en cause, les declarations peuvent etre admises seulement si le juge militaire determine les elements (1) et (2) susmentionnes, et constate que les methodes d’interrogation utilisees pour obtenir ces declarations ne s’apparentent pas au « traitement cruel, inhumain, ou degradant interdit aux termes de la section 1003 du Detainee Treatment Act de 2005 ». D’autres procedures qui sont egalement sujet a controverse ont trait a l’acces des accuses aux temoins et aux preuves avancees contre eux. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! L’accuse aura le droit de presenter des preuves pour assurer sa defense, de contre-interroger les temoins a charge, et d’examiner les preuves admises contre lui ou qui contribuent a determiner la sentence. Alpha Butler University! Ces garanties sont rendues plus complexes par le recours a des informations classees secretes ou confidentielles. Afin de proteger des informations confidentielles, le juge miliaire, sur la demande de l’administration, peut « permettre autant que faire se peut, (1) que certains elements des informations confidentielles soient effaces des documents qui doivent etre presentes comme preuves devant la commission militaire ; (2) la substitution d’une partie ou d’un resume de l’information emanant de ce document classe confidentiel ; ou (3) la substitution d’un enonce de faits pertinents que ces informations confidentielles seraient a meme de prouver ». Vs University Of Kentucky! Mais supposons que le gouvernement supprime le nom de l’informateur ? Dans ce cas, l’accuse n’a ni le droit de confrontation, ni celui d’examiner les preuves presentees contre lui ou d’y repondre.

Il n’est pas tout a fait clair, dans le statut, si l’avocat de l’accuse pourra avoir acces a ce genre d’informations classees secretes. University Of Miami Football Roster! L’avocat de la defense « aura une opportunite raisonnable d’obtenir des temoins et autres preuves en conformite avec les reglements prescrits par le secretaire de la Defense ». Ohio Of Kentucky! L’etendue de ces opportunites sera decidee par la suite, par la branche executive du gouvernement. Oregon Cascades! En ce qui concerne l’obligation d’enquete qui incombe au procureur, le juge militaire, sur la demande du conseil du gouvernement, « autorisera, autant que faire se peut, la suppression de certains elements specifiques dans les informations classees confidentielles qui doivent etre rendues disponibles a l’accuse, peut substituer une portion ou un resume des informations contenues dans des documents classes secrets, ou peut substituer/inclure une declaration admettant des faits pertinents que l’information classee secrete aurait pu prouver ». En ce qui concerne l’interpretation de traites et des obligations qui en resultent, le statut autorise le president a interpreter le sens et l’application des Conventions de Geneve « et de promulguer des criteres et des reglements administratifs plus rigoureux pour la violation d’obligations resultant de traites qui ne constituent pas des infractions graves aux Conventions de Geneve ». Ohio Vs University! Le president emettra de telles interpretations par Executive Order et les fera publier dans le Federal Register . Dickinson College Fall! Tout Executive Order qui sera ainsi publie aura autorite de loi (excepte en ce qui concerne des violations graves de l’article 3 commun) en tant que faisant partie des lois americaines au meme titre que les autres reglements administratifs. Of Kentucky! Bien que ces Executive Orders fassent autorite, ils ne sont pas necessairement executoires et exclusifs. Alpha Phi House University Address! Le statut prevoit que « rien dans cette section ne sera interprete de maniere a affecter les fonctions constitutionnelles et les responsabilites du Congres et de la branche judiciaire des Etats-Unis ». Le statut inclut une section qui tente de definir la responsabilite legale des officiers americains qui interrogent les detenus. Ohio University Vs University! Quand sont-ils susceptibles d’etre soumis a des poursuites judiciaires aux termes du War Crimes Act ? Le terme « violation serieuse de l’article 3 commun » signifie toute conduite definie aux termes de neuf sous-titres, mais le langage dans chaque cas exige qu’il y ait une intention. Ios Programming 2013! Ainsi, l’interdiction de la torture est definie de cette maniere : « L’acte d’une personne qui commet, ou conspire en vue de commettre, ou tente de commettre, une action specifiquement intentionnee afin d’infliger des douleurs ou des souffrances physiques ou mentales severes (autres que les peines et souffrances resultant de sanctions legales) sur toute autre personne sous sa garde dans le but d’obtenir une information ou une confession, une punition, intimidation, coercition, ou autre raison fondee sur une discrimination de quelque sorte que ce soit ». Ohio Vs University! Qu’en est-il si « l’intention specifique » est d’obtenir une information et la peine physique ou mentale est corollaire et non intentionnelle ? Y a-t-il dans ces conditions une responsabilite aux termes du War Crimes Act ? La Cour Supreme rejeta dans Hamdan c. Opbouw Wetenschappelijk! Rumsfeld l’argument de l’administration selon lequel le president a le pouvoir, aux termes de l’article II, de creer des commissions militaires et de determiner leurs structures et leurs procedures.

La Cour exigea que le president Bush obtienne une autorisation statutaire du Congres aux termes de l’article I de la Constitution. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky! « Sans doute l’effet le plus significatif de la decision, longue de 185 pages, est, comme le souligne le Washington Post , qu’elle rejeta la these du president Bush selon laquelle la necessite de mener une guerre globale contre le terrorisme lui donnait des pouvoirs extraordinaires qui se situaient au-dela de la juridiction des tribunaux. Opbouw Essay Help! La decision rappelle le « devoir de la Cour en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix de preserver les sauvegardes constitutionnelles de la liberte civile » [30] [30] Eugene Robinson, “Checking the university, Decider”, The Washington. Oregon State University Cascades Mfa Farm! . Ohio Of Kentucky! Cependant, bien qu’il y ait eu une resistance substantielle de la part du Congres au cours des premiers stades des negociations entre les branches executive et legislative concernant la redaction de la proposition de loi, la resistance du corps legislatif s’affaiblit petit a petit et la Maison-Blanche sembla l’emporter sur les points essentiels du debat. Essay Help! Les membres du Congres n’avaient pas affirme leur pouvoir sur l’etablissement de commissions militaires tout au long des cinq annees qui s’ecoulerent depuis les attaques du 11 septembre 2001. Ohio Vs University! Lorsqu’il leur fut demande de ce faire par la Haute cour, ils montrerent tres peu d’interet ou de confiance en leurs capacites institutionnelles en exercant un role constitutionnel independant et en insufflant une vie nouvelle au systeme de freins et de contrepoids. Wetenschappelijk Help! L’on peut esperer qu’a la suite des prononces de la Cour dans Hamdan c. University Vs University Of Kentucky! Rumsfeld , et des recentes elections legislatives, le Congres se montrera plus determine a agir de nouveau de maniere plus affirmee et a retablir l’equilibre des pouvoirs entre l’Executif et le Legislatif. Les elections legislatives de 2006 donnent aux democrates l’occasion de reorienter la direction generale de la politique de l’administration americaine. Oregon State Cascades Mfa Farm! A travers ces elections, le public a clairement repudie la politique de l’administration actuelle, que ce soit en ce qui concerne la guerre en Irak ou pour ce qui est de la reponse qu’elle a apportee a des desastres naturels tels que l’ouragan Katrina . Vs University! Du temps d’un Congres controle par une majorite de republicains, les enquetes du Congres etaient relativement limitees et contraintes.

Desormais, avec une majorite de Democrates au sein du Senat et de la Chambre des representants, les commissions du Congres sont en mesure de mener des enquetes approfondies. Oregon University Cascades! Et la question de savoir a quel point ces commissions d’enquete seront efficaces dependra en grande mesure du choix de leurs objectifs et de l’objet ou du sujet de ces enquetes. Vs University Of Kentucky! L’opinion publique se montrera certainement favorable a des enquetes qu’elle jugera legitimes, telles que celles qui porteraient par exemple sur la corruption potentielle de certaines entreprises de construction avec lesquelles l’administration a traite en Irak. Gettysburg! Afin d’eviter l’embarras potentiel et de serieux dommages politiques, l’administration pourrait bien sur decider d’opposer une resistance a de telles enquetes – mais elle ne pourrait le faire qu’au risque de paraitre s’engager deliberement dans une obstruction a la justice et de se livrer a un camouflage de verites auquel le public a droit. University! Le Congres a a sa disposition des moyens considerables pour obtenir l’acces aux dossiers et aux temoignages de hauts fonctionnaires de l’Executif. Fast Facts! En effet, les commissions d’enquetes du Congres peuvent emettre des subpoenas (citations a comparaitre), declarer des fonctionnaires en outrage, et invoquer d’autres mesures. Of Kentucky! Au cours des six dernieres annees, les democrates ont mene leurs propres enquetes au sujet d’eventuelles mauvaises conduites au sein de la branche executive. University Football 2005! Cependant, etant desormais le parti majoritaire au sein des deux chambres du Congres, il peuvent demander de facon officielle que les departements concernes soumettent tout document requis par le biais de subpoenas , et que les fonctionnaires de l’Executif comparaissent pour temoigner sous serment. Vs University Of Kentucky! Le Congres a non seulement le pouvoir constitutionnel mais egalement le devoir de calibrer la politique nationale lorsque cela s’avere necessaire. Wetenschappelijk Essay! En consequence, le public americain devrait bientot etre en mesure de mieux comprendre ce qui a ete accompli au nom de pouvoirs inherents tels que ceux invoques dans les briefs presentes au nom de l’administration dans Hamdan c. Ohio Vs University! Rumsfeld . Louis Fisher est specialiste pres la Bibliotheque du Congres charge de la bibliotheque juridique. Opbouw Wetenschappelijk Essay Help! Il a ete specialiste senior dans le chapitre Separation des Pouvoirs au sein du Service de recherche du Congres.

Auteur de plus de 15 ouvrages, dont American Constitutional Law , et plus de 300 articles, Louis Fisher fut a deux reprises recipiendaire du prix Louis Brownlow de l’Academie nationale d’administration publique, pour Presidential Spending Power (1975) et Constitutional Dialogues (1988). Ohio University Vs University! En 2000, les presses de la State University of university cascades mfa farm New York ont edite Politics and university vs university Constitutionalism: The Louis Fisher Connection , collection de huit essais qui analysent l’ensemble de son ?uvre. Nada Mourtada-Sabbah est professeur invitee de droit public a l’universite Paris II et directrice du departement de relations internationales de l’universite americaine de Sharjah (AUS). Jane Mayer, “The Hidden Power”, The New Yorker , 3 juillet 2006, vol. Dickinson College Lacrosse Prospect Day! 82, N° 20, pp.

44-45 ; Peter Baker et Michael Abramowitz, “A Governing Philosophy Rebuffed”, The Washington Post , 30 juin 2006, p. Ohio! A 01. Stanford 2013 Equinox! Les conseillers juridiques de la C.I.A., et les conseillers juridiques des differents services militaires furent eux aussi surpris a l’annonce du decret militaire. Vs University! Aucun d’entre eux n’avait ete consulte. Gettysburg Fast Facts! John Bellinger III, le conseiller juridique du Conseil de securite nationale et conseiller juridique adjoint de la Maison-Blanche, a qui l’on avait formellement confie la tache de creer une procedure legale pour le jugement de personnes etrangeres soupconnees d’actions terroristes, n’etait pas non plus informe de ce decret qui aurait ete redige dans le secret par David Addington et certains de ses collaborateurs. University Of Kentucky! Sur John Bellinger, voir « Le droit international, nouvel ecueil aux relations transatlantiques ? », Politique americaine , N° 4, Printemps 2006, pp. 2013 Equinox! 41-51. Brief for ohio university vs university of kentucky Respondents, Hamdan c. University Football! Rumsfeld , N° 05-184, Cour Supreme des Etats-Unis, fevrier 2006, p. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! 21. Voir Jane Mayer, art. Dickinson Fall Day! cit. University Vs University! , pp. Stanford! 44-45. Hamdan c. Ohio Of Kentucky! Rumsfeld , 126 S.Ct.

2749, 2006. L’article 3 commun aux quatre Conventions de Geneve est applicable aux conflits armes non internationaux et enonce en quoi consiste un minimum de traitement humain. En cas de conflit arme ne presentant pas un caractere international et surgissant sur le territoire de l’une des hautes parties contractantes, chacune des Parties au conflit sera tenue d’appliquer au moins les dispositions suivantes : 1. Football Roster! Les personnes qui ne participent pas directement aux hostilites, y compris les membres de forces armees qui ont depose les armes et les personnes qui ont ete mises hors de combat par maladie, blessure, detention, ou pour toute autre cause, seront, en toutes circonstances, traitees avec humanite, sans aucune distinction de caractere defavorable basee sur la race, la couleur, la religion ou la croyance, le sexe, la naissance ou la fortune, ou tout autre critere analogue. A cet effet, sont et demeurent prohibes, en tout temps et en tout lieu, a l’egard des personnes mentionnees ci-dessus : les atteintes portees a la vie et a l’integrite corporelle, notamment le meurtre sous toutes ses formes, les mutilations, les traitements cruels, tortures et supplices ; les prises d’otages ; les atteintes a la dignite des personnes, notamment les traitements humiliants et degradants ; les condamnations prononcees et les executions effectuees sans un jugement prealable, rendu par un tribunal regulierement constitue, assorti des garanties judiciaires reconnues comme indispensables par les peuples civilises. Voir Hamdan c. University! Rumsfeld , 548 U.S., p. Stanford 2013! 73. Jonathan Weisman, “Battle Looms in university of kentucky Congress Over Military Tribunals”, The Washington Post , 13 juillet 2006, p. Fall Prospect! A6. Jonathan Weisman, “Senators Gain Momentum to of kentucky Change Military Tribunal System”, The Washington Post , 15 juillet 2006, p. State Mfa Farm! A6. R. University! Jeffrey Smith, “Top Military Lawyers Oppose Plan for equinox Special Courts”, The Washington Post , 3 aout 2006, p. Ohio University Vs University! A11. R. College Day! Jeffrey Smith, “White House Proposal Would Expand Authority of ohio of kentucky Military Courts”, The Washington Post , 2 aout 2006, p. Dickinson Prospect Day! A4. Voir aussi Louis Fisher, In the of kentucky, Name of 2013 National Security: Unchecked Presidential Power and ohio the Reynolds Case , 2006, pp. Lacrosse Fall! 230-240.

Congressional Record , vol. Ohio University Vs University! 152, 7 septembre 2006, p. State University Cascades Mfa Farm! S9113. Peter Baker, “GOP Infighting on ohio, Detainees Intensifies”, The Washington Post , 16 septembre 2006, p. Alpha Phi House Butler! A1. “How 3 G.O.P. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! Veterans Stalled Bush Detainee Bill”, The New York Times , 17 septembre 2006, p. 2013! 1. Charles Babington, “House Panel Supports Tribunal Plan, 20 to ohio university vs university 19”, The Washington Post , 21 septembre 2006, p. Of Miami Football Roster! A6. John M. Ohio! Donnelly, “Detainee Treatment Fractures GOP: Influential senators’ challenge to ios programming 2013 Bush proposal on ohio university, terrorist suspects keeps issue at gettysburg college fast, cutting edge of ohio vs university of kentucky security debate”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , 18 septembre 2006, p. Alpha Phi House University! 2458. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , 2 octobre 2006, p. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! 2624. “Profiles in opbouw wetenschappelijk Cowardice”, The Washington Post , 1 er octobre 2006, p. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky! B6. Eugene Robinson, “Checking the roster 2005, Decider”, The Washington Post , 30 juin 2006, Editorial, p. Vs University! A27.

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10 Eye-Catching Graphic Designer Resumes. #8220;A resume should be treated as one of your major design jobs. Ohio Of Kentucky. The typeface you use, the layout, etc all show exactly what level of design you are at. Every detail counts, and the sum of these details gives an impression of you as a designer.#8221; Self-promotion is essential to a graphic designer#8217;s success. As a creative, expertly branding and marketing yourself is the path to reaching career goals, whether that is to be an Art Director for roster, an in-house firm or establishing a lucrative freelance design business. Ohio University Of Kentucky. Crafting an eye-catching and of miami football 2005 memorable resume is of kentucky major component of your self-promotion strategy. As a designer, your resume design needs to showcase your talent and opbouw wetenschappelijk epitomize your personal brand. It is the perfect opportunity to ohio vs university of kentucky define you as a designer and to create a unique personal brand. When constructing a resume, you#8217;ll need to gettysburg college establish a personal brand identity that highlights your strengths and ohio of kentucky emphasizes the breadth of wetenschappelijk essay your abilities.

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I took a lot of care to make it respond to ohio university of kentucky my style and personality. It#8217;s all handmade and gettysburg fast printed using a normal domestic printer.#8221; See more. Graphic Designer Resume Business Cards. Follow the Red Line: Brochure CV/Resume Design. To learn more about the writing aspect to crafting an ohio university of kentucky eye-catching graphic designer resume, check out The Graphic Designer#8217;s Guide to Better Business Writing . This handy guide breaks the writing process down into simple, easy-to-understand stages and college fast on christianity offers practical writing and of kentucky presentation models that designers can put to use immediately.

Real-life examples cover an array of opbouw wetenschappelijk essential topics: writing winning resumes and cover letters, landing accounts, writing polished letters and reports, creating design briefs, and much more. Ohio University. Discover how to start a successful design business with this webcast, 5 Secrets to Launching a Creative Business . This hour-long webcast discusses how to take the first step in creating a business, how to fast facts on christianity avoid the barriers that block success and ohio how to make your passion profitable. Whether you#8217;re a Designer, Photographer, Writer or Video Producer, this session can help you move forward with confidence that you can have the success you#8217;ve been trying to create for yourself. 9 thoughts on “ 10 Eye-Catching Graphic Designer Resumes ” These are all great. I like the one that can be formed into a carton especially. University Roster 2005. I#8217;m always surprised at how clever people can be.

One caveat I think these designs would work nicely for the interview, or for of kentucky, a smaller firm. However, I can#8217;t imagine that any of these crafty designs would get past an ATS (Applicant Tracking System. All these resumes are truly impressive but let#8217;s face it, they aren#8217;t really functional unless for the candidates who are willing to lacrosse fall get hired as art directors or packaging designers maybe. But for the rest of university of kentucky us, we obviously need more subtle design while still being creative. Here are some great examples of CV#8217;s that are not #8220;too much#8221; but will still get you noticed: Creative Resumes. I particularly like the fast on christianity, 7th on the list. Vs University Of Kentucky. I would have to agree with James Rich, all these resumes look great but they are hardly usable for most of us.

With that said, a professional resume doesn#8217;t have to be boring. Dickinson Lacrosse Fall Prospect Day. Have a look at these Fancy CV templates. There are some brilliant ideas out there! We would like to share with our Free resume. Everything is carefully layered, so it#8217;s super easy to edit and use. https://www.behance.net/gallery/28935295/FREE-Resume-Template. Check out this resume pack I found too! Its like a crossover between something really creative and ohio of kentucky something sort of traditional.. So easy to use also..

Have a look here: https://creativemarket.com/3Angle/605445-The-Complete-Resume-Collection. You would want to have a look at http://www.cvdesigner.in to of miami get some awesome resumes made. They are nice but#8230;I did a those type of ohio of kentucky things in the late 80#8217;s early 90#8217;s, even did one that I used the ADWEEK magazine cover but it said ADD me this WEEK designed like their logo. Todays designs should incorporate more and ios programming equinox with new technologies, be more innovative, incorporating those elements. I try #8220;Lenka Kubisova#8221; did it#8217;s simple but so much clean and professional. I#8217;m STUNNED at the level of personal information that is shared#8230; Photos, Height, Dress preferences, Marital status#8230;. Vs University. You NEVER NEVER put that on a resume. It#8217;s illegal for an employer to ask for a photo (and all the dickinson fall, other personal information) in connection with a job application so why would you include it? It might make the HR department very uncomfortable. You must be logged in to post a comment.

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conflict fear essay Literary Terms and Definitions: C. This page is under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted January 5, 2017. CACOPHONY (Greek, bad sound): The term in poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds.

It is the opposite of euphony . CADEL (Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau , meaning a gift; a little something extra): A small addition or extra item added to an initial letter. Common cadels include pen-drawn faces or grotesques. Examples include the faces appearing in the initial letters of the Lansdowne 851 manuscript of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales . CADENCE : The melodic pattern just before the end of ohio vs university of kentucky a sentence or phrase--for instance an interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on college fast facts, the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. University Of Kentucky. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles. University 2005. A cadence group is a coherent group of words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, of parting day or a noun phrase, our inalienable rights. CADENCE GROUP : See discussion under cadence . CAESURA (plural: caesurae ): A pause separating phrases within lines of poetry--an important part of poetic rhythm . The term caesura comes from the Latin a cutting or a slicing. Some editors will indicate a caesura by inserting a slash (/) in the middle of a poetic line. Others insert extra space in this location. Of Kentucky. Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at stanford, all.

CALQUE : An expression formed by individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and then combining them in a way that may or may not make literal sense in ohio university vs university of kentucky the new language. Algeo provides the example of the phi house butler university address, English phrase trial balloon , which is a calque for the French ballon d'essai (Algeo 323). CALLIGRAPHIC WORK : In medieval manuscripts, this is (as Kathleen Scott states), Decorative work, usually developing from university of kentucky, or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from ascenders at the top of the page and descenders at the bottom of the justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at one angle to produce broader and narrower lines, which in combination appear to overlap one another to form strap-work (Scott 370). CANCEL : A bibliographical term referring to a leaf which is substituted for one removed by the printers because of an error. For instance, the first quarto of alpha phi house university address Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida has a title page existing in both cancelled and uncancelled states, leaving modern readers in some doubt as to whether the university of kentucky, play should be considered a comedy, history, or tragedy. CANON (from Grk kanon , meaning reed or measuring rod): Canon has three general meanings. (1) An approved or traditional collection of of miami football 2005 works. Originally, the of kentucky, term canon applied to the list of books to be included as authentic biblical doctrine in the Hebrew and Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin). Click here for more information. (2) Today, literature students typically use the word canon to refer to those works in wetenschappelijk essay help anthologies that have come to be considered standard or traditionally included in the classroom and published textbooks. In this sense, the ohio of kentucky, canon denotes the entire body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for admiration and study. (3) In addition, the word canon refers to the writings of an author that scholars generally accepted as genuine products of said author, such as the fast facts on christianity, Chaucer canon or the Shakespeare canon.

Chaucer's canon includes The Canterbury Tales , for instance, but it does not include the apocryphal work, The Plowman's Tale, which has been mistakenly attributed to him in the past. Likewise, the Shakespearean canon has only two apocryphal plays ( Pericles and the Two Noble Kinsmen ) that have gained wide acceptance as authentic Shakespearean works beyond the thirty-six plays contained in the First Folio. NB : Do not confuse the spelling of cannon (the big gun) with canon (the official collection of literary works). The issue of canonical literature is a thorny one. Traditionally, those works considered canonical are typically restricted to dead white European male authors. Many modern critics and vs university of kentucky, teachers argue that women, minorities, and dickinson fall prospect day, non-Western writers are left out of the literary canon unfairly. Additionally, the canon has always been determined in part by philosophical biases and political considerations. In response, some critics suggest we do away with a canon altogether, while others advocate enlarging or expanding the existing canon to achieve a more representative sampling. CANTICLE : A hymn or religious song using words from any part of the Bible except the vs university of kentucky, Psalms. CANTO : A sub-division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel. Examples include the oregon state, divisions in Dante's Divine Comedy , Lord Byron's Childe Harold , or Spenser's Faerie Queene . Cf. fit . CANZONE : In general, the term has three meanings. (1) It refers generally to ohio university of kentucky the words of a Provençal or Italian song. Opbouw Essay. (2) More specifically, an Italian or Provençal song relating to love or the praise of beauty is a canzone. (3) Poems in English that bear some similarity to Provençal lyrics are called canzones --such as Auden's unrhymed poem titled Canzone, which uses the end words of the first twelve-line stanza in each of the following stanzas.

CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE : A narrative, usually autobiographical in origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for ohio vs university, some time before gaining freedom. An example would be Mary Rowlandson's A Narrative of the state mfa farm, Captivity and Restauration of vs university Mrs. Mary Rowlandson , which details her Indian captivity among the wetenschappelijk, Wampanoag tribe in the late seventeenth century. Contrast with escape literature and slave narrative . CARDINAL VIRTUES (also called the Four Pagan Virtues ): In contrast to the three spiritual or Christian virtues of fides (faith), spes (hope), and caritas (love) espoused in the New Testament, the four cardinal virtues consisted of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Theologians like Saint Augustine argued Christians alone monopolized faith in a true God, hope of vs university a real afterlife, and the ability to oregon mfa farm love human beings not for their own sake, but as a manifestation of God's creation. However, these early theologians argued that pagans could still be virtuous in the cardinal virtues, the ohio, old values of the Roman Empire before the oregon mfa farm, coming of Christianity. In Latin terminology, pagan Rome espoused the four cardinal virtues as follows: The Latin four-fold classification--later adopted by Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas--originates in much older Greek philosophy. In The Republic , Plato uses similar virtues as a way to dissect the roles different citizens would play in an ideal state. Cf. pietas . Cf. Seven Deadly Sins . CARET (Lat., it lacks): Also called a wedge , an up-arrow , or a hat , this editorial mark looks much the ohio university vs university, Greek letter lambda or an arrowhead pointing upwards.

Here is an example: ^ . An editor will write a caret underneath a line of text to indicate that a word, letter, or punctuation mark needs insertion at the spot where the alpha butler, two lines converge. CARMEN : (Lat. song or poem): The generic Latin term for a song or poem--especially a love-song or love-poem. After Ovid was banished to Tomis by of kentucky the Emperor in the year 8 AD, he wrote that his crime was carmen et error (a song and a mistake). This has led some scholars to wonder if his scandalous poem The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) may have invoked the wrath of Emperor Augustus whose Julian Marian laws sought to curb adultery and illicit sexuality. CARPE DIEM : Literally, the phrase is Latin for seize the ios programming 2013, day, from carpere (to pluck, harvest, or grab) and the accusative form of die (day). The term refers to vs university of kentucky a common moral or theme in classical literature that the reader should make the most out of gettysburg college fast life and ohio university of kentucky, should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition.

Examples include Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, and Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. Cf. Anacreontics , Roman Stoicism , Epicureanism , transitus mundi , and college fast, the ubi sunt motif. CASE : The inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or (in some languages) adjective that shows how the ohio of kentucky, word relates to the verb or to other nouns of the same clause. For instance, them is the alpha address, objective case of they , and their is the possessive case of they . Common cases include the nominative, the accusative, the genitive, the dative, the ablative, the vocative, and the instrumental forms. Patterns of particular endings added to words to indicate their case are called declensions . University Vs University Of Kentucky. Click here for expanded information. CASTE DIALECT : A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in stanford ios programming a society. Often the use of caste dialect marks the ohio, speaker as part of that particular class.

For instance, a dalit or untouchable is the lowest caste in dickinson college lacrosse prospect day the Indian Hindu caste system while a brahmin is the highest caste. Although the two groups may frequently share a common language, they each also have specialized vocabulary and ohio vs university, speech mannerisms that to a native speaker may quickly advertise their social background. CATACHRESIS (Grk. misuse): A completely impossible figure of speech or an implied metaphor that results from combining other extreme figures of speech such as anthimeria , hyperbole , synaesthesia , and metonymy . The results in each case are so unique that it is 2013 equinox, hard to ohio university vs university state a general figure of university of miami 2005 speech that embodies all of the possible results. Ohio University Of Kentucky. It is far easier to give examples. For instance, Hamlet says of Gertrude, I will speak daggers to her. College Fast Facts. A man can speak words, but no one can literally speak daggers. In spite of that impossibility, readers know Shakespeare means Hamlet will address Gertrude in a painful, contemptuous way. In pop music from the 1980s, the performer Meatloaf tells a disappointed lover, There ain't no Coup de Ville hiding the bottom of a crackerjack box. The image of a luxury car hidden as a prize in the bottom of university of kentucky a tiny cardboard candybox emphasizes how unlikely or impossible it is his hopeful lover will find such a fantastic treasure in someone as cheap, common, and unworthy as the speaker in these lyrics.

Sometimes the catachresis results from stacking one impossibility on cascades mfa farm, top of another. Consider these examples: There existed a void inside that void within his mind. Joe will have kittens when he hears this! I will sing victories for you. A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green.--Bacon I do not ask much: / I beg cold comfort. University Of Kentucky. --Shakespeare, ( King John 5.7.41) His complexion is perfect gallows--Shakespeare, ( Tempest 1.1.33) And that White Sustenance--Despair--Dickinson The Oriel Common Room stank of dickinson college lacrosse logic --Cardinal Newman O, I could lose all Father now--Ben Jonson, on the death of his seven-year old son. The voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses --e.e. Ohio Vs University. cummings. For a more recent example, consider the disturbingly cheerful pop song by Foster the People, Pumped Up Kicks, which deals with a school shooting. Ios Programming. Here, the shooter/narrator thinks, I've waited for a long time.

Yeah, the sleight of my hand is now a quick-pull trigger. Ohio University. / I reason with my cigarette. One can reason with induction or deduction, but how does one reason with a cigarette? Here, the catachresis might evoke the idea of the cool kid using personal style instead of a persuasive argument, or it might evoke the dickinson fall, imagery of torture--burning victims with a cigarette-butt to ohio university of kentucky make one's point. This sort of evocative, almost nonsensical language is the heart of good catachresis. Other examples, in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses catachresis to opbouw essay describe Legolas's disgusted outburst at encountering an university of kentucky, Orc by asserting, 'Yrch!' siad Legolas, falling into his own tongue.' One call fall into a pool of college on christianity water or fall into a bed, but how does one fall into a language? As Milton so elegantly phrased it, catachresis is all about blind mouths. Such catachresis often results from ohio of kentucky, hyperbole and college facts on christianity, synaesthesia . A special subtype of catachresis is abusio , a mixed metaphor that results when two metaphors collide. For instance, one U. S. senator learned of an unlikely political alliance. He is of kentucky, said to have exclaimed, Now that is a horse of a different feather. This abusio is the result of two metaphors. The first is the cliché metaphor comparing anything unusual to a horse of college fall day a different color.

The second is the proverbial metaphor about how birds of a feather flock together. However, by taking the of kentucky, two dead metaphors and combining them, the oregon state, resulting image of a horse of ohio of kentucky a different feather truly emphasizes how bizarre and university of miami 2005, unlikely the resulting political alliance was. Intentionally or not, the senator created an ungainly, unnatural animal that reflects the ohio vs university of kentucky, ungainly, unnatural coalition he condemned. Purists of languages often scrowl at abusio with good reason. Too commonly abusio is the result of sloppy writing, such as the history student who wrote the dreadful hand of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and growls at its enemies. (It would have been better to opbouw help stick with a single metaphor and ohio, state the eye of phi house totalitarianism watches all that goes on ohio university vs university of kentucky, around it and glares at its enemies. We should leave out the university roster 2005, mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people; it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally for a subtle effect, abusio and catachresis can be powerful tools for originality.

CATALECTIC : In poetry, a catalectic line is a truncated line in which one or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in the final metrical foot. University Vs University. For instance, acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. For instance, Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from A. University Football Roster. E. Housman is university vs university, catalectic: And if my ways are not as theirs, Let them mind their own affairs. On the university, other hand, in trochaic verse, the final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as Deutsche notes about the first two lines of ohio vs university Shelley's stanza: Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in university football the memory-- Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the senses they quicken. The term catalectic contrasts with an acatalectic line, which refers to a normal line of poetry containing the expected number of ohio university vs university syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally be expected.

CATALEXIS : Truncation of alpha phi house a poetic line--i.e., in poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of such truncation is called catalexis. University Vs University. If catalexis occurs at the start of a line, that line is university roster, said to be acephalous or headless. See catalectic . CATALOGING : Creating long lists for ohio university vs university, poetic or rhetorical effect. Wetenschappelijk Help. The technique is common in epic literature, where conventionally the ohio university vs university, poet would devise long lists of famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and mythic heroes to be lined up in battle and slaughtered. The technique is also common in the practice of giving illustrious genealogies (and so-and-so begat so-and-so, or x, son of y, son of z etc.) for opbouw wetenschappelijk help, famous individuals. An example in American literature is Whitman's multi-page catalog of American types in section 15 of Song of Myself.

An excerpt appears below: The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp, The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner, The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm, The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, The duck-shooter walks by silent and vs university of kentucky, cautious stretches, The deacons are ordained with crossed hands at alpha phi house butler university, the altar, The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel,

The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on a First-day loaf and looks at the oats and rye, The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirmed case. University Of Kentucky. [etc.] One of the university of miami 2005, more humorous examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion . In one tale, Culhwch and vs university of kentucky, Olwen, the protagonist invokes in an oath all the names of King Arthur's companion-warriors, giving lists of their unusual attributes or abilities running to university of miami football 2005 six pages. CATASTROPHE : The turning downward of the ohio university vs university, plot in a classical tragedy. By tradition, the stanford ios programming 2013 equinox, catastrophe occurs in the fourth act of the play after the ohio, climax. (See tragedy .) Freytag's pyramid illustrates visually the normal charting of the alpha address, catastrophe in a plotline. CATCH : A lyric poem or song meant to be sung as a round, with the words arranged in ohio vs university each line so that the audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the 2013, groups of singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the ohio university vs university, poem. For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words up, the word look appears in the middle of the third line, the word dress appears in the second line, and the word her appears in university of miami 2005 the middle of the fourth line. Ohio. When the song or poem is sung as a round by four groups of singers, the word order and gettysburg fast on christianity, timing is arranged so that the singers create the hidden phrase look up her dress as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to ohio of kentucky an otherwise innocent set of lyrics.

Robert Herrick's To the opbouw wetenschappelijk essay help, Virgins, to ohio university vs university Make Much of Time is an example of a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for Milton's masque Comus , it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45). CATCHWORD : This phrase comes from printing; it refers to a trick printers would use to keep pages in their proper order. The printer would print a specific word below the oregon state, text at of kentucky, the bottom of a page. This word would match the first word on fast, the next page. A printer could thus check the ohio university vs university, order by flipping quickly from one page to the next and making sure the alpha butler, catchword matched appropriately. This trick has been valuable to modern codicologists because it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced, or censored. CATHARSIS : An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ohio university of kentucky, ultimate end of any tragic artistic work.

He writes in his Poetics (c. Dickinson College Lacrosse Prospect. 350 BCE): Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is university of kentucky, serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [ eleos ] and alpha phi house university, fear [ phobos ] effecting the proper purgation [ catharsis ] of these emotions (Book 6.2). Ohio Vs University. (See tragedy .) Click here to download a pdf handout concerning this material. CAVALIER : A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in his struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament. University Football Roster. The term is used in contrast with Roundheads , his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats and courtiers. They were famous for their long hair, fancy clothing, licentious or hedonistic behavior, and their support of the arts. See Cavalier drama and university vs university of kentucky, Cavalier poets , below. Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads in a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship in phi house university address England, leading to university vs university the end of the English Renaissance and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. Oregon Cascades Mfa Farm. To see where Charles' reign fits in ohio university vs university English history, you can download this PDF handout listing the reigns of opbouw wetenschappelijk help English monarchs chronologically. CAVALIER DRAMA : A form of English drama comprising court plays that the Queen gave patronage to in the 1630s. Most critics have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style.

The Puritan coup d'état and the later execution of King Charles mercifully terminated the vs university, dramatic period, but unfortunately also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison. CAVALIER POETS : A group of Cavalier English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and wrote during his reign and who opposed the Puritans, his political enemies. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller, Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and alpha address, Herrick. They largely abandoned the sonnet form favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the themes of love and ohio vs university, sensuality and their work illustrates technical virtuosity as J. A. Cuddon put it (125). They show strong signs of gettysburg on christianity Ben Jonson's influence. CAVE, THE : Not to be confused with Plato's allegorical cave , this term is a nickname for ohio university vs university, a gathering of Tolkien and fellow Oxford English scholars in the 1930s before the cascades, Inklings formed. Vs University Of Kentucky. As Drout's J.R.R. Alpha. Tolkien Encyclopedia summarizes the details, the name comes from I Samuel 22:1-2, where the Cave of Adullam became the ohio vs university of kentucky, place for David's conpiracies against opbouw wetenschappelijk essay King Saul, possibly implying that the members of the Cave at Oxford saw themselves as righteously subversive of the academic establishment. Members of the Cave included C.S. Lewis, J.R.R.

Tolkien, Neville Coghill, Hugh Dyson, and Cleanth Brooks. They were distinguished scholars of various fields. Eventually, in ohio university vs university 1933, C.S. Lewis's brother Warnie retired to oregon cascades mfa farm Oxford after a bout with alcoholism and could not regularly make meetings at the Cave. C.S. Ohio. Lewis took it upon himself to raid the Cave for similarly-minded scholars to become a part of the new Inklings group (Lobdell cited in Drout 88). Cf.

Inklings and Cave, Plato's below. CAVE, PLATO'S : In Plato's Republic , Socrates, Plato, and several of their fellows debate the nature of ideal government. In the section on education in this ideal Republic, they argue about the purpose of education. As part of Socrates' argument, the discussion veers into an allegory in which human existence is being trapped in a cave of ignorance, chained in place and unable to dickinson lacrosse fall view anything except shadows cast on vs university, the wall. Some of those shadows are vague outlines of actual unseen truths beyond the perception of the senses; others are false images deliberately designed to mislead the cave-dwellers, keeping them content and unquestioning. The purpose of education becomes freeing the imprisoned human and forcing him to leave the cave, to look at the actual objects that make the shadows. Cf. Platonic Forms . While reading Plato's cave as an allegory of help education is a common interpretation, some philosophers (especially medieval readers) often took a more mystical approach to the Greek text, interpreting the cave as the material or physical world, while the ohio university of kentucky, shadows were mere outline of a greater spiritual truths--hidden and eternal beyond the alpha address, physical world. C. S. Lewis coopts this idea in The Last Battle , in ohio of kentucky which the characters discover after death that Narnia has merely been a crude approximation of gettysburg fast facts on christianity heaven, and the further they travel in the onion ring, the university of kentucky, larger and more beautiful and more true the inner rings become.

CELLERAGE : The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in Renaissance slang as hell and entered through a trapdoor called a hellmouth . The voice of the ghost comes from state mfa farm, this area in Hamlet , which has led to scholarly discussion concerning whether or not the ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in disguise. CELTIC : A branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Ohio. Celtic languages are geographically linked to western Europe, and university of miami football roster, they come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic (or P-celtic). CELTIC REVIVAL : A literary movement involving increased interest in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish culture, myths, legends, and vs university of kentucky, literature. It began in the late 1700s and university cascades mfa farm, continues to this day.

Thomas Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Ieuan Brydydd's publication of Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and Charlotte Guest's translation of The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on university vs university, Celtic literature at Oxford helped promote the alpha butler, foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school in 1877. Vs University. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B. Yeats, and probably led to the creation of the Abbey Theatre . A continuing part of the Celtic Revival is the Irish Literary Renaissance , a surge of extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Seamus Heaney. CENOTAPH : A carving on stanford ios programming, a tombstone or monument, often in ohio the form of a verse poem, biblical passage, or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's name and date of birth/death. Often used synonymously with epitaph . CENSORSHIP : The act of hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of college lacrosse art or writing so that general public access to it is partially or completely limited. Contrast with bowdlerization. Click here to ohio university vs university download a PDF handout discussing censorship in great detail. University Of Miami 2005. The term originates in an occupational position in the Roman government. After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned censors. These censors at first were limited to university vs university of kentucky conducting the census for tax estimations, but in latter times, their job was to impose moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory literature. See also the Censorship Ordinance of 1559 and the Profanity Act of oregon state mfa farm 1606 . CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE OF 1559 : This law under Queen Elizabeth required the political censorship of public plays and university vs university of kentucky, all printed materials in matters of butler religion and the government.

The Master of Revels was appointed to ohio university monitor and control such material. All of Shakespeare's early works were written under this act. We can see signs of alteration in his early works to conform to the requirements of the censors. Contrast with the university of miami roster 2005, Profanity Act of 1606 . CENTAUR MYTH : In mythology and literary use, a common motif is the centaur (a hybrid of horse-body with a human torso where the horse's head would be). This mythic creature has gone through a number of allegorical transformations in different literary periods. In classical Greek artwork and literature, centaurs were associated with sex and ohio university vs university, violence. Their lineage traces them to college fast facts Centaurus, the ohio vs university of kentucky, twin brother of King Lapithes. Both Centaurus and Lapithes were the offspring of Apollo and a river nymph named Stilbe. Stilbe gave birth to twins, with the wetenschappelijk essay, elder Lapithes being strong, brave and handsome, but the of kentucky, younger twin Centaurus was ugly, brutish, and deformed. University Roster. Unable to university vs university of kentucky find a woman willing to football marry him, Centaurus engaged in bestiality with mares, who in turn gave birth to half-human, half-horse hybrids that terrorized the land, becoming the first centaurs. Many Greek temples such as the Parthenon included a prominent carved scene called a centauromachia , which depicted the battle between Pirithous, a later king of the Lapith tribe, as he battled with centaurs who party-crashed his wedding and ohio university vs university of kentucky, attempted to abduct the bride and fast, bridesmaids.

The scene was also popular in ohio university vs university Greek pottery and wall-painting, and oregon university, it helped cement the Greek idea that centaurs were generally loutish creatures symbolizing bestial natures--especially the lower passions of gluttony, rapine, and sexuality. Only a few exceptions (such as Chiron) were exceptions to this rule, and vs university of kentucky, Greek heroes like Hercules spent a great deal of time beating up centaurs who sought to kidnap their wives and lovers. Later, medieval bestiaries revisited and cascades, Christianized the centaur myth. One medieval bestiary/commentary used centaurs as symbols of hypocrisy. After pews gradually become common in late medieval churches near the turn of the Renaissance, such bestiaries depicted the centaur as standing in a pew so that only the human-looking upper half of the body was visible while the lower animal half was unseen. The commentators stated that even thus wicked people in churches would look virtuous in their public appearance, but their truly monstrous nature would remain concealed. By the Enlightenment, pastoral artwork and paintings tended to depict centaurs more as frolicking, playful creatures--erasing earlier overtones of rape and evil, and by the late 19th-century, fantasy writers at the time of vs university of kentucky George MacDonald rehabilitated them, making them deuteragonists and tritagonists that heroes would encounter on their quests. Among the Inklings of the 1940s, C.S. Lewis in particular become fascinated with idealizing centaurs as noble creatures and developed them into a private symbol for spiritual and bodily perfection. Lewis saw the upward human half of a centaur as being an emblem of reason and nobility, and the lower half being an emblem of university of miami natural biological or animal passions.

Thus, the centaur became his emblem for the healthy union of the material body and of kentucky, the intellectual/spiritual domains--an organism as God intended humans to be before the fall, or the college prospect, perfect amalgamation of the chariot-driver, chariot, and horses in the allegory of the charioteer that Plato retells in Phaedrus . CENTUM LANGUAGE : One of the ohio university, two main branches of Indo-European languages. These centum languages are generally associated with western Indo-European languages and they often have a hard palatal /k/ sound rather than the sibilant sound found in college fast on christianity equivalent satem words. See discussion under Indo-European . CHAIN OF BEING : An elaborate cosmological model of the university vs university of kentucky, universe common in university of miami football 2005 the Middle Ages and vs university of kentucky, the Renaissance. The Great Chain of Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian God at help, the top of the chain and inanimate objects like stones and ohio university of kentucky, mud at the bottom. Intermediate beings and objects, such as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending order of intelligence, authority, and capability between these two extremes. The Chain of Being was seen as designed by God. The idea of the Chain of college lacrosse Being resonates in university art, politics, literature, cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the stanford equinox, Middle Ages and Renaissance. It takes on particular complexity because different parts of the of kentucky, Chain were thought to correspond to each other. (See correspondences .) Click here for more information. CHANSON (French song): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Fast Facts On Christianity. Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end. Vs University. They were usually dedicated or devoted to a lady or a mistress in alpha university the courtly love tradition.

CHANSON DE GESTE (French, song of deeds): These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords. The chansons de geste combine history and legend . University Vs University Of Kentucky. They focus on stanford ios programming, religious aspects of chivalry rather than courtly love or the knightly quests so common in the chivalric romance . Typical subject-matter involves (1) internal wars and intrigue among noble factions (2) external conflict with Saracens, and (3) rebellious vassals who rise up against their lords in acts of betrayal. Typical poetic structure involves ten-syllable lines marked by assonance and stanzas of varying length. The chansons de geste are in many ways comparable to ohio university of kentucky epics . Over eighty texts survive, but The Song of Roland is by far the college facts on christianity, most popular today. CHANSON À PERSONNAGES (French, song to people): Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in ohio university vs university of kentucky the morning. See aubade . CHARACTER : Any representation of an stanford 2013, individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say ( dialogue ) and what they do ( action ). E. M. Forster describes characters as flat (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or round (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative). The main character of a work of a fiction is typically called the protagonist ; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the antagonist . If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the vs university of kentucky, narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's side-kick). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist . These terms originate in oregon state classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and ohio university of kentucky, a bass would play the tritagonist. Compare flat characters with stock characters . CHARACTERIZATION : An author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and gettysburg college, action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to ohio university vs university make the character more vivid and wetenschappelijk essay, realistic.

Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and ohio, reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background. CHARACTONYM : An evocative or symbolic name given to a character that conveys his or her inner psychology or allegorical nature. Mfa Farm. For instance, Shakespeare has a prostitute named Doll Tearsheet and a moody young man named Mercutio . Steinbeck has the sweet-natured Candy in Of Mice and Men . Spenser has a lawless knight named Sansloy (French, without law) and an arrogant giant named Orgoglio (Italian, pride). University Vs University. On a more physical level, Rabelais might name a giant Gargantua or C.S. Lewis might call his talking lion Aslan (Turkish for lion). These names are all simple charactonyms. Cf. eponym . CHASTUSHKA (plur. chastushki ): In 19th-century Russian literature, a short song, usually of four lines--usually epigrammatic and humorous and nature, commonly focusing on topics such as love and commonly associated with young artists. Gettysburg College. Chastushki on of kentucky, political topics became more common in the 20th century. Most modern examples rhyme and stanford ios programming, use regular trochaic meter, though in the oldest examples, these features are less regular, with cadences that are feminine or dactylic (Harkins 121). CHAUCERISM : In the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the feel, and verbal patterns from an of kentucky, older century--a verbal or grammatical anachronism . Spenser uses many Chaucerisms in The Fairie Queene . CHEKE SYSTEM : As summarized by Baugh, a proposed method for indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by stanford 2013 Sir John Cheke in Renaissance orthography.

Cheke would double vowels to university indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat , lake would be spelled laak , and so on. 2013 Equinox. Silent e 's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and university of kentucky, an i used in its place (Baugh 209). It did not catch on. CHIASMUS (from Greek, cross or x): A literary scheme in which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. It involves taking parallelism and dickinson lacrosse fall prospect, deliberately turning it inside out, creating a crisscross pattern. For example, consider the ohio university vs university, chiasmus that follows: By day the alpha address, frolic, and the dance by night . If we draw the ohio university, words as a chart, the words form an x (hence the word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning x):

The sequence is stanford 2013, typically a b b a or a b c c b a . I lead the life I love ; I love the ohio university, life I lead . Naked I rose from the earth ; to the grave I fall clothed . Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the artistry is often lost in English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole . CHICANO / CHICANA LITERATURE : Twentieth- and twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children--usually in English with short sections or phrases in Spanish. Oregon State. An example would be Sandra Cisneros' writings, such as The House on Mango Street or My Wicked Wicked Ways . Following the grammatical conventions for of kentucky, gender in university of miami football Spanish, the adjective Chicano takes an -o suffix in reference to ohio university vs university of kentucky male authors and an -a suffix in college fall day reference to female authors. Cf. Latino Writing . CHIVALRY : An idealized code of military and social behavior for the aristocracy in the late medieval period. University Of Kentucky. The word chivalry comes from 2013, Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means horsemanship. Normally, only rich nobility could afford the expensive armor, weaponry, and warhorses necessary for university, mounted combat, so the act of becoming a knight was symbolically indicated by giving the opbouw, knight silver spurs.

The right to knighthood in ohio vs university of kentucky the late medieval period was inherited through the father, but it could also be granted by the king or a lord as a reward for services. The tenets of 2013 chivalry attempted to civilize the brutal activity of warfare. The chivalric ideals involve sparing non-combatants such as women, children, and helpless prisoners; the protection of the church; honesty in word and ohio university, bravery in deeds; loyalty to one's liege; dignified behavior; and single-combat between noble opponents who had a quarrel. Other matters associated with chivalry include gentlemanly contests in alpha phi house university arms supervised by witnesses and heralds, behaving according to the manners of polite society, courtly love , brotherhood in university arm s , and feudalism . See knight for essay, additional information. This code became of great popular interest to British readers in the 1800s, leading to a surge of vs university of kentucky historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe , and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in ios programming Tennyson's Idylls of the King . In Tennyson's poem Guinevere , King Arthur describes the vs university of kentucky, ideals of dickinson college lacrosse knighthood thus: I made them lay their hands in ohio university mine and swear. To reverence the stanford ios programming 2013 equinox, King, as if he were. Their conscience, and their conscience as their King. To break the ohio university of kentucky, heathen and uphold the Christ,

To ride abroad redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it, To honor his own word as if his God's, To lead sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to oregon state her,

And worship her by years of noble deeds, Until they won her. For the best modern scholarly discussion of chivalry as a historic reality in the Middle Ages, read Maurice H. Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 1984). CHORAGOS (often Latinized as choragus ): A sponsor or patron of a play in classical Greece. Often this sponsor was honored by ohio university of kentucky serving as the leader of the gettysburg college fast on christianity, chorus (see below). CHORIC FIGURE : Any character in any type of narrative literature that serves the same purpose as a chorus in drama by remaining detached from the main action and commenting upon or explaining this action to the audience. See chorus , below. CHORUS : (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings. In ancient Greece, the chorus was originally a group of male singers and university vs university of kentucky, dancers ( choreuti ) who participated in religious festivals and dramatic performances by singing commenting on the deeds of the characters and interpreting the significance of the events within the play. This group contrasts with the actors (Greek hypocrites ). Shakespeare alters the traditional chorus by oregon state mfa farm replacing the singers with a single figure--often allegorical in nature.

For instance, Time comes on stage in university of kentucky The Winter's Tale to explain the passing years. Likewise, Rumor appears in Henry IV, Part Two to summarize the gossip about Prince Hal. See also choragos and stanford ios programming equinox, choric figure , above. CHRISTIAN NOVEL : A novel that focuses on ohio vs university, Christianity, evangelism, or conversion stories. Sometimes the plots are overtly focused on this theme, but others are primarily allegorical or symbolic. Ios Programming 2013 Equinox. Traditionally, most literary critics have rated these works as being of lower literary quality than the vs university of kentucky, canon of great novels in Western civilization. College. Examples include Bodie Thoen's In My Father's House , Catherine Marshall's Christy , Par Lagerkvist's Barabbas , Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis , and Lloyd C. Douglas's The Robe . CHRISTOLOGICAL FIGURE : In theology, Christology is the study of Jesus' nature, i.e., whether Christ had both a human and divine nature, whether he had one sentient will alone or one human will and one divine will, whether he was theoretically capable of sin like humanity or perfectly righteous like the other persons in the trinity, whether he shared in ohio university vs university of kentucky the Father's omniscience or suffered from human afflictions like doubt or ignorance, whether he existed or not before his biological birth, whether he was equal in authority and stanford 2013 equinox, power to the other persons in the trinity, and whether he actually had a physical body (the orthodox view) or was composed entirely of spirit (the Arian view). In literary studies, the term christological has been commandeered to vs university of kentucky refer to (1) an object, person, or figure that represents Christ allegorically or symbolically, or (2) any similar object, person, or figure with qualities generally reminiscent of Christ.

Examples of christological figures include the Old Man in opbouw wetenschappelijk essay help Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea , who after his struggle with the fish ends up bleeding from his palms and lying on the floor in a cruciform pattern; the university of kentucky, lion Aslan in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia , who allows himself like the lion of the tribe of Judah to be slain in order to 2013 equinox redeem a traitorous child; and the unicorn in medieval bestiaries, which would lie down and place its phallic , ivory-horned meekly in a maiden's lap so that hunters might kill it--which medieval monks interpreted as an allegory of Christ allowing himself to enter the womb of the virgin Mary so that he might later be sacrificed. Zora Neale Hurston creates a christ-figure in Delia Jones, who in the short story Sweat suffers to support her ungrateful husband and crawled over the earth in ohio university of kentucky Gethsemane and up the rocks of Calvary many, many times . . . and so on. CHRONICLE : A history or a record of events. It refers to any systematic account or narration of events that makes minimal attempt to interpret, question, or analyze that history. Because of university football roster 2005 this, chronicles often contain large amounts of ohio university folklore or other word-of-mouth legends the writer has heard. In biblical literature, the on christianity, book of Chronicles is one example of a chronicle. Medieval chronicles include Joinville's account of the Crusades and Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain , a source for much Arthurian legend.

In the Renaissance , Raphael Holinshed, Edward Hall, and other chroniclers influenced Shakespeare. Chronicles were popular in England after the British defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Ohio University Of Kentucky. The accompanying patriotic fervor increased the public's demand for plays about phi house, English history. If Chronicles are written in ohio vs university of kentucky the form of university of miami roster 2005 annual entries, they are also called annals . University Vs University Of Kentucky. See also lepotis . CHRONOLOGICAL SNOBBERY : C. Opbouw Wetenschappelijk. S. Lewis's term for what he describes as the university vs university, uncritical acceptance of oregon cascades . . . the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that account discredited, i.e., the unthinking belief that past ideas or literature are obsolete and that current or present ideas are superior to them, the myth that all change is beneficial progress. Lewis initially felt torn between his love of medieval literature and the sense that it made him a dinosaur out of touch with the 20th century, and he felt depressed to think the university vs university, fictions of the alpha address, past as beautiful lies. In a fierce philosophical debate ( The Great War ) with Owen Barfield, Barfield convinced him that such a view was wrong, and Lewis states Barfield made short work of my chronological snobbery (qtd. in Duriez 45).

CHRONOLOGY (Greek: logic of time): The order in which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in university of kentucky history or in a narrative. CHTHONIC : Related to the dead, the grave, the underworld, or the fertility of the earth. Gettysburg Facts. In Greek mythology, the Greeks venerated three categories of university vs university spirits: (1) the Olympian gods, who were worshipped in public ceremonies--often outdoors on the east side of large columned temples in the agora , (2) ancestral heroes like Theseus and Hercules, who were often worshipped only in local shrines or at gettysburg fast facts, specific burial mounds, (3) chthonic spirits, which included (a) earth-gods and death-gods like Hades, Hecate, and university vs university, Persephone; (b) lesser-known (and often nameless) spirits of the departed; (c) dark and bloody spirits of state cascades vengeance like the Furies and Nemesis, and (d) (especially in Minoan tradition) serpents, which were revered as intermediaries between the surface world of the living and university, the subterranean realm of the dead. This is lacrosse fall prospect, why snakes were so prominent in the healing cults of ohio vs university Aesclepius. It became common in Greek to speak of the college fast facts on christianity, Olympian in contrast to the cthonioi (those belonging to university vs university of kentucky the earth). See Burkert 199-203 for detailed discussion. CHURCH SUMMONER : Medieval law courts were divided into civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against lacrosse prospect the church. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to appear before the church and university vs university of kentucky, receive sentence. By the fourteenth century, the fast on christianity, job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the individuals summoned to court.

Chaucer satirized a summoner in ohio university vs university of kentucky The Canterbury Tales . CINQUAIN : A five-line stanza with varied meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin but definitely influenced after 1909 by Japanese poetic forms such as the tanka . Most modern cinquains are now based on the form standardized by stanford 2013 an American poet, Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1918), in which each unrhymed line has a fixed number of syllables--respectively two, four, six, eight, and two syllables in each line--for a rigid total of 22 syllables. Here is probably the most famous example of a cinquain from ohio university of kentucky, Crapsey's The Complete Poems ; Three silent things: The falling snow. the hour. Before the dawn. the phi house butler university address, mouth of one. Perhaps under the influence of diamante poems, many modern elementary school teachers have begun adding an additional set of conventions to the cinquain in which each line has a specific structural requirement: Line 1 - Consists of the two-syllable title or subject for the poem. Line 2 - Consists of two adjectives totaling four syllables describing the subject or title. Line 3 - Consists of three verbs totaling six syllables describing the subject's actions. Line 4 - Consists of four words totaling eight syllables giving the writer's opinion of the subject.

Line 5 - Consists of one two-syllable word, often a synonym for the subject. These secondary conventions, however, are usually limited to children's poetic exercises, and professional poets do not generally follow these conventions. CIRCULAR STRUCTURE : A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a conclusion that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to ohio university of kentucky subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of the narrative, play, or poem. An example of circular structure might be The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which ends with an ellipsis identical to oregon university mfa farm the opening sequence, indicating that the ohio of kentucky, middle-aged protagonist is engaging in yet another escapist fantasy. Leigh Hunt's poem Jenny Kissed Me is an example of a circularly-structured poem, since it ends with the same words that open the speaker's ecstatic, gossipy report. Oregon State University. Langdon Smith's poem Evolution is ohio university of kentucky, circular in its concluding repetition of the opening phrase, When you were a tadpole, and I was a fish, but it is also thematically circular, in that it implies the cycle of reincarnated love will continue again and again in spite of death. In many ways, the smaller tales within a larger frame narrative act as part of butler university address a circular structure, because each small tale begins by breaking the reader away from the larger, encompassing narrative and ohio university vs university of kentucky, concludes by returning the reader to that larger frame-narrative. CITY DIONYSIA : See discussion under dionysia . CIVIC CRITICS : A school of 19th-century Russian literary scholars who judged the value of writing primarily by its political context and progressive ideas. They commonly wrote in oposition to the aesthetic theories of the Parnassian Poets (Harkins 55). Stanford 2013. Example critics include Belinski (active in the 1840s), Dobrolyubov, and ohio of kentucky, Chernyshevski.

CLANG ASSOCIATION : A semantic change caused because one word sounds similar to another. For instance, the word fruition in Middle English meant enjoyment. In Modern English, its meaning has changed to completion because it sounds like the phi house, word fruit --hence the ohio vs university, idea of ripeness, of growing to full size, as Algeo notes (314). CLASSICAL : The term in Western culture is usually used in reference to the art, architecture, drama, philosophy, literature, and gettysburg college fast facts, history surrounding the Greeks and Romans between 1000 BCE and 410 BCE. Works created during the Greco-Roman period are often called classics . Vs University. The Golden Age of Classical Greek culture is commonly held to be the fifth century BCE (especially 450-410 BCE). The term can be applied more generally to any ancient and revered writing or artwork from a specific culture; thus we refer to Classical Chinese, Classical Hebrew, and butler university, Classical Arabic works. For extended discussion, click here.

To download a PDF handout placing the periods of literary history in order, click here. CLASSICAL HAIKU : Another term for the hokku , the predecessor of the modern haiku . University Vs University Of Kentucky. See hokku and haiku . CLAUSE : In grammatical terminology, a clause is any word-construction containing a nominative and a predicate, i.e., a subject doing a verb. The term clause contrasts with the term phrase . University Roster. A phrase might contain nouns as appositives or objects, and it might contain verb-like words in the form of university vs university of kentucky participles or gerunds, but it crucially lacks a subject doing a verb. State. For example, consider this sentence: Joe left the building after seeing his romantic rival. Clause : Joe left the building. Phrase : after seeing his romantic rival. If the clause could stand by itself as a complete sentence, it is known as an independent clause . If the clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence (typically because it begins with a subordinating conjunction), it is said to be a dependent clause . Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky. For expanded discussion and examples, click here. Oregon Mfa Farm. For a discusion of clauses according to functional type, click here ( TBA). CLERIHEW : In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in irregular meter, usually about a famous person from history or literature. Typically the university vs university, historical person's name forms one of the rhymes. The name comes from Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the purported inventor.

He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at school, including this one from his chemistry class: Sir Humphrey Davy. He lived in the odium. Of having discovered sodium. CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Clichés are considered bad writing and bad literature. Click here to download a PDF handout for more information. Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. Cliché rhymes in football roster poetry include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to ohio of kentucky hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICHÉ RHYME : Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. They include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICK : A sound common in some non-Indo-European languages in Polynesia made by clucking the tongue or drawing in air with the tongue rather than expelling it from the lungs--such as the sound represented by the letter combination tsk-tsk . Some linguists indicate this sound in transcribing Polynesian languages by inserting an exclamation mark to indicate the palatal click. For instance, the !chung tribe has a palatal click as part of its name.

CLIFFHANGER : A melodramatic narrative (especially in films, magazines, or serially published novels) in which each section ends at a suspenseful or dramatic moment, ensuring that the audience will watch the next film or read the next installment to find out what happens. The term comes from the common 1930's film-endings in which the main characters are literally left hanging on the edge of a cliff until the story resumes. The term cliffhanger has more loosely been applied to any situation, event, or contest in opbouw wetenschappelijk essay help which the outcome remains uncertain until the last moment possible. CLIMAX, LITERARY (From Greek word for ladder): The moment in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at which the crisis reaches its point of greatest intensity and is thereafter resolved. It is also the ohio university, peak of emotional response from a reader or spectator and usually the turning point in the action. The climax usually follows or overlaps with the crisis of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. (Contrast with anticlimax , crisis , and denouement ; do not confuse with rhetorical climax , below.) CLIMAX, RHETORICAL : Also known as auxesis and crescendo , this refers to an artistic arrangement of a list of essay help items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. See rhetorical schemes for more information. University. The opposite of climax is bathos . CLIP : To form a word by abbreviating a longer expression, or a word formed by the same process. For instance, the dickinson lacrosse day, word auto (as in auto shop) is a clipped form of automobile . CLOSE READING : Reading a piece of literature carefully, bit by bit, in order to analyze the ohio university vs university of kentucky, significance of every individual word, image, and artistic ornament. Click here for more information.

The term is sometimes used synonymously with critical reading , though I arbitrarily prefer to dickinson fall prospect reserve close reading as a reference for analyzing literature and critical reading as a reference for breaking down an essay's argument logically. Cf. critical reading . CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and number of lines within a genre of poetry. Examples of a closed-form poetry include haiku , limericks , and of kentucky, sonnets , which have set numbers of syllables, lines, and traditional subject-matter. Contrast with open poetic form . CLOSURE (Latin clausura , a closing): Closure has two common meanings. First, it means a sense of completion or finality at the conclusion of play or narrative work--especially a feeling in the audience that all the problems have been resolved satisfactorily. Frequently, this sort of closure may involve stock phrases (and they lived happily ever after or finis ) or certain conventional ceremonial actions (dropping a curtain or having the actors in a play take a bow). The narrative may reveal the solution of the primary problem(s) driving the plot, the death of a major character (especially the antagonist, the protagonist's romantic interest or even the ios programming 2013, protagonist herself), or careful denouement . An example of university extended denouement as closure occurs in George Eliot's Middlemarch , in state cascades which the author carefully explains what happened in later years to each character in the novel. Closure can also come about by a radical alteration or change in the imaginary world created by an author.

For instance, in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings , much of the closure to the saga comes from the departure of the elves and wizards, who sail across the sea, leaving the world of human men and women forever, an act which apparently causes magic to fade. Shakespearean comedies often achieve closure by having major characters find love-interests and declare their marital intentions. Other more experimental forms of literature and poetry may achieve closure by circular structure , in which the poem or story ends by ohio university coming back to the narrative's original starting spot, or by returning a similar situation to what was found at the beginning of the state mfa farm, tale. See discussion under denouement . Do note that some narratives intentionally seek to frustrate the audience's sense of closure. Examples of literature that reject conventions of closure include cliffhanger serials (see above), which reject normal closure in ohio vs university of kentucky an attempt to gain returning audiences. Many postmodern narratives influenced by existential philosophy, on the other hand, reject closure as too simplistic and artificial in comparison with the complexities of human living. Secondly, some critics use the fast, term closure as a derogatory term to imply the reduction of a work's meanings to a single and university vs university, complete sense that excludes the claims of other interpretations.

For extended discussion of closure, see Frank Kermode's The Sense of An Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction , as reprinted in 2001. CLOWN : (1) A fool or rural bumpkin in state university cascades mfa farm Shakespearean vocabulary. Examples of this type of clown include Lance, Bottom, Dogberry, and other Shakespearean characters. (2) A professional jester who performs pranks, sleight-of-hand and of kentucky, juggling routines, and who sings songs or tells riddles and jokes at court. By convention, such jesters were given considerable leeway to speak on nearly any topic (even criticizing court policy) as long as the of miami, criticism was veiled in riddles and wordplay. Examples of university of kentucky this type in Shakespeare's work include Touchstone, Feste, and Lear's Fool. Butler Address. Cf. fool . COCKNEY : Originally, in Middle English times, the term cockney was a derogatory term for a dumb city-dweller. It comes from vs university of kentucky, cock's egg, the idea that an college day, uneducated urbanite would be so ignorant he or she would not realize that a male rooster (a cock) would be the wrong gender to lay an egg. By Renaissance times, the word was applied to those living in the Bow Bells area of London in Cheapside, a working class district. Today, the term implies most strongly the spoken dialect of university vs university that area. Cockney dialect tends to be non-rhotic, with final -er pronounced as a schwa, and it often shows signs of t -glottalization. It frequently substitutes /r/ with /w/, and merges lexical sets like north/force and thought/start . The imprecise term Estuary English refers to spoken English in university football 2005 the southeast of Britain that merges linguistic traits of RP and ohio university vs university of kentucky, Cockney, and recent dialect shift that appears to be spreading across the island.

See also Cockney Rhyming Slang , below. COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG : A form of slang in which the speaker substitutes one word in a sentence with another word or phrase that rhymes with the implied word--but which leaves out the actual, final rhyming part. University Of Miami Roster. This wordplay is associated with the university, dialect appearing in dickinson lacrosse prospect day the Cheapside district of London's East End. The resulting sentence is baffling for outsiders unfamiliar with the tradition but provides a pleasing word puzzle to Cockney speakers. For examples, instead of stating that The woman had exquisite legs, a Cockney speaker might say, The woman had exquisite bacons. Here, the phrase bacon- and-eggs rhymes with legs , so the speaker substitutes it for legs in the sentence, but deletes the final rhyming part of the phrase. CODE-SWITCHING : In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to another--often in mid-sentence. An example sentence to illustrate this process using Latin, Spanish, German, and French might read as follows: Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas? [In the first place, the commander who runs his troops and his attendants to vs university death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?] Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in literature. The character of Salvatori the monk in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose engages continuously in code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German tongues, for dickinson prospect, instance.

Code-switching is a common feature in Hispanic American English and in vs university of kentucky the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. dog-latin and stanford ios programming 2013, macaronic texts . CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex , book): The study of books as physical artifacts. COGNATE : Cognates are words that (1) match each other to some degree in sound and meaning, (2) come from a common root in an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for each other. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin. The Latin word unus (one) later became the ohio university, root for a number of alpha phi house words meaning one such as une (French) and ohio university, uno (Spanish). Cascades. Une and uno are cognates --cousins or siblings on the family tree of ohio vs university of kentucky languages--but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom , Arabic salaam , and the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning peace. Cognates play an important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European , and they can be enormously helpful in learning new languages.

The amateur philologist should be cautious of false cognates, folk etymology , and faux amis , however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and football roster, historically. Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into university existence. Dickinson College Prospect. Typically, the ohio of kentucky, originator of the error hears or reads an unfamiliar word. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the strange word to college fast on christianity a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities. Faux amis are technically cognates in terms of their morphology, but in ohio university vs university of kentucky terms of gettysburg fast their meaning, the ohio of kentucky, words have drifted apart from each other across time, such as the English verb embarass (to humiliate) and the Spanish embarazar (to impregnate). COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN : A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to opbouw essay help a collective group of individuals or individual items.

What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team , two teams , or one pair, two pairs .) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, Some of the the workers are gone uses a plural verb, but Some of the university vs university, work is done uses a singular verb. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS : In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology , this term refers to state university cascades mfa farm a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to university vs university each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to those our ancestors faced. Stanford Ios Programming 2013 Equinox. Within a culture, the ohio vs university, collective unconscious forms a treasury of ios programming 2013 equinox powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism . COLLOCATION : The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, Algeo notes that the university, phrases tall person and high mountain seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a high person or tall mountain, and this construction might sound slightly odd to oregon state university a native English speaker. The difference is in of kentucky collocation. COLLOQUIALISM : A word or phrase used everyday in alpha phi house butler university address plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. (Compare with cliché , jargon and slang .)

COLONIAL PERIOD : American and British historians use this term somewhat differently. American scholars usually use the term colonial period to refer to the years in the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in ohio university vs university England and continues up through the ios programming 2013 equinox, end of the Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet. See also Neoclassic . Click here to download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments. When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to apply the university, word colonial in more general reference to the British expansions into the Americas, the Indies, India, Africa, and the Middle-East over the course of several centuries, even up to ios programming 2013 the nineteenth century and university of kentucky, early twentieth century. See colonialism , below. COLONIALISM : The term refers broadly and generally to the habit of powerful civilizations to fall prospect colonize less powerful ones. On the obvious level, this process can take the form of of kentucky a literal geographic occupation, outright enslavement, religious conversion at opbouw essay, gun-point, or forced assimilation of native peoples. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky. On a more subtle level, this process can take the form of bureucratic policy that incidentally or indirectly leads to the extinction of a minority's language or culture, economic exploitation of cheap labor, and globalistic erasure of cultural differences. The term is often applied in academic discussion of literature from the college on christianity, colonial period.

We can see the concerns of colonialism and imperial ambition in the works of George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant, in ohio vs university Rudyard Kipling's fictional tales about India, and in Josef Conrad's novella, Heart of Darkness . See Colonial Period , above. COMEDY (from Greek: komos , songs of university merrimakers): In the original meaning of the word, comedy referred to a genre of ohio university vs university drama during the Dionysia festivals of ancient Athens. The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the word's etymology suggests. Later, in medieval and Renaissance use, the word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending. The comedy did not necessarily have to be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in tone. It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Absurd , Comedy of Humors , and equinox, Comedy of Manners . COMEDY OF THE ABSURD : A modern form of comedy dramatizing the ohio university, meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of human existence. A famous example is Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot . Cf. existentialism . COMEDY OF HUMORS : A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the embodiment of stereotypical types of dickinson college fall people, each character having the physiological and ohio university of kentucky, behavioral traits associated with a specific humor in the human body. Alpha Phi House Butler University. The majority of the cast consists of such stock characters. (See humors, bodily for vs university, more information.) Some of Shakespeare's characters, including Pistol, Bardulph, and stanford equinox, others, show signs of having been adapted from the stereotypical humor characters.

In literature, a humor character was a type of ohio of kentucky flat character in university of miami whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature. See also stock character . COMEDY OF INNOCENCE : We have two definitions here. (1) In anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an ohio university vs university of kentucky, action. In ancient Greece, the ax or dagger used in a sacrifice might be put on trial (instead of the priest wielding it). The sacrificial animal might be required to volunteer by shaking its head or by walking up to ios programming the altar to eat the grain sitting on it. The sacrificial victim might be condemned to execution after being released where it could set foot in a forbidden holy grove or taboo sacred mountain (cf. Exodus 19:12-13 and ohio university of kentucky, Judges 11:30-40). In America, we see remnants of the comedy of innocence in customs such as the 19th-century's hangman's black mask (to erase the executioner's identity) or the custom of granting the condemned prisoner's last request or final meal (to alleviate any sense of cruelty on opbouw essay, the jailer's part). (2) A specific myth told by later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in earlier times. For instance, a number of local Greek myths describe characters like Leucothea, Palaemon, and Glaucus; they fall or are thrown into the sea where they are magically transformed into sea-gods. Given the relative insignificance of these gods in the Greek pantheon , it is likely this sort of university tale either (a) developed out of local hero cults or (b) the tale alludes to an ancient or prehistoric belief that drowned sacrificial victims would live on as animistic spirits.

Another common version of the comedy of innocence is the motif of a human sacrificial victim (usually a child) who is miraculously saved ( deus ex machina ) and an animal substituted in his or her place. For example, in some Greek myths, Iphigenia is replaced by a white hind before her father can sacrifice her to gain good winds for the Trojan voyage. Oregon. Phrixus gets whisked to safety by a Golden Ram, which is then sacrificed in the young boy's place. In the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh stops Abraham from ohio university vs university of kentucky, killing Isaac, and he directs Abraham's attention to lacrosse a ram with its horns caught in a thicket (Genesis 22:9-13). Scholars of ohio university mythology often see the dozens of such tales appearing cross-culturally and interpret them as having their origins in the comedy of innocence. COMEDY OF MANNERS : A comic drama consisting of five or three acts in which the alpha phi house butler university, attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and satirized according to high standards of intellect and morality. The dialogue is usually clever and sophisticated, but often risqué . Ohio University Of Kentucky. Characters are valued according to football roster their linguistic and intellectual prowess.

It is the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in a fabliau . COMIC OPERA : An outgrowth of the ohio, eighteenth-century ballad operas, in which new or original music is composed specially for the lyrics. (This contrasts with the ballad opera , in university of miami football roster 2005 which the ohio university of kentucky, lyrics were set to pre-existing popular music.) COMIC RELIEF : A humorous scene , incident, character , or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious, tragic, or frightening moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action. Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of comic relief in the form of a drunken porter. Another is just after the climactic scene in Dante's Inferno , in which Dante encounters Satan himself frozen in ice. Ios Programming 2013. The demon initially terrified Dante, but the narrator's fear falls way to the reader's laughter in ohio university a comic reversal in which Dante and of miami roster 2005, Virgil climb down Satan's body and move through the center of the university vs university of kentucky, earth's gravity, at which point Dante is dickinson college lacrosse, confused by the way gravity reverses, looks upward, and finds himself directly staring at Satan's nether regions, writing, . University Vs University Of Kentucky. . . I beheld him upward hold his legs. Dickinson College Fall. // And if I then become disguieted, / Let stolid people think who do not see / What the point is beyond which I had passed (34.90-93). COMING-OF-AGE STORY : A novel in ohio of kentucky which an adolescent protagonist comes to adulthood by dickinson college fall a process of experience and disillusionment. Ohio Vs University. This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the security of dickinson college lacrosse fall prospect day childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process. Examples include Wieland's Agathon , Herman Raucher's Summer of university of kentucky '42 , Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine , Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , and Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey . University Of Miami Football Roster. The most famous examples are in German. Ohio Vs University. In German, a tale in the genre is gettysburg college, called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman . Examples include Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Thomas Mann's Königliche Hoheit . COMITATUS : (Latin: companionship or band): The term describes the tribal structure of the Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes in which groups of men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in exchange for food, mead, and heriot , the loan of fine armor and weaponry.

The men who swore such an university vs university, oath were called thegns (roughly akin to modern Scottish thane), and they vowed to opbouw fight for their lord in battle. It was considered a shameful disaster to outlive one's own lord. Ohio University Of Kentucky. The comitatus was the functional military and government unit of gettysburg on christianity early Anglo-Saxon society. The term was first coined by the classical historian Tacitus when he described the Germanic tribes north of Rome. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE : A genre of Italian farce from the sixteenth-century characterized by stock characters , stock situations, and spontaneous dialogue. Typically, the university vs university, plot is an roster 2005, intrigue plot and university of kentucky, it involves a soubrette who aids two young lovers in foiling the rigid constraints of their parents. In many such plays, a character named Sganarelle is a primary figure in the work. Often there is a zani , or foolish-servant, who provides physical comedy in oregon state cascades contrast to the anguish of the young lovers.

In the end, the ohio vs university of kentucky, couple achieves a happy marriage. Commedia dell'arte may have influenced Shakespeare's comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor , and Moliere's plays, such as L'amour Medecin , commonly translated into English as Love is the butler university, Doctor . COMMON MEASURE : Also called common meter , common measure consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB , in ohio vs university which the lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of iambic trimeter (six syllables). This pattern is most often associated with ballads (see above), and it is occasionally referred to as ballad measure. Many of Emily Dickinson's poems are in loose common measure using slant rhyme , for instance: Much Madness is divinest Sense--

To a discerning Eye-- Much Sense--the starkest Madness-- 'Tis the 2005, Majority. A fun and simple test to ohio university recognize common measure in poetry is to take a stanza and college fast on christianity, try singing it aloud to a well-known tune written in common meter, such as Gilligan's Isle, Amazing Grace, or House of the Rising Sun. If the syllabification fits these familiar ditties, you are looking at a case of common measure. COMMONIZATION : The linguistic term for an eponym--a common word that is of kentucky, derived from the proper name of a person or place. For instance, the college fast facts on christianity, sandwich gained its name from its inventor, the fourth Earl of Sandwich.

The word lynch comes from Captain William Lynch, who led bands of vigilantes to ohio vs university of kentucky hang hoboes and bums residing near Pittsylvania County. The verb shanghai , meaning to kidnap or press into oregon university cascades forced labor, comes from the of kentucky, practices of of miami football roster conscription common in vs university the oriental city of Shanghai. The word stentorian comes from the opbouw wetenschappelijk essay help, loud-mouthed Stentor in Greek legend, and herculean comes from the muscle-bound Hercules, and so on. COMPERT (plural: comperta ): Specifically, birth-tales in Old Irish literature that detail the ohio, conception and birth of a hero. Examples include the of miami football 2005, Compert Con Culainn ( Birth of Cú Chulainn ). Usually supernatural or extraordinary events involve themselves in the conception, such as the Druid Cathbad's seduction of Nessa after prophesying what the hour would be lucky for (begetting a king upon a queen!) or the visitation of ohio university vs university a god like Lug to a woman who then becomes pregnant after the divine visitation. The birth-tale in general is lacrosse fall, not limited to Old Irish Literature, but is found worldwide (Duffy 102-03). Examples outside of Irish literature include the ohio of kentucky, birth of Jesus, or the Buddha, or Leda and Hercules in Greek myth, Pryderi's conception in the First Branch of state university cascades The Mabinogion , or King Arthur's conception in vs university Arthurian legends. COMPLETENESS : The second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy.

By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the logic, wholeness, and closure necessary to satisfy the audience. COMPOSITE MONSTER (in architecture, often called a chimera after the Greek monster): The term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in which the beast is composed of the body-parts of various animals. For instance, in Greek mythology, the chimera has the body of a lion, tale of a serpent, wings of a bat, and state university mfa farm, a goat-head, a lion-head, and a serpent's head. Ohio Of Kentucky. Likewise, the oregon mfa farm, sphinx has a lion's body and a woman's head and breasts; the centaur has a horse's body and human torso and a human head where the horse-head should be; the minotaur has a bull's head and a man's body; and the harpy has an avian body and a woman's head, breasts, and arms. Vs University. Earlier examples in Mesopotamian mythology include the ekimmu (a bloodsucking albino ghost with a bull's head) and the lamassu (a winged horse with a human head).

In the medieval period, composite monsters include the formecolion, with an ant's body and a lion's head; the college lacrosse fall prospect day, mermaid, with a human top and a fish bottom; and the cockatrice, which mingles parts of a rooster and a serpent. Contrast with additive monster , above. Composite monsters were common in the legends of classical and ancient cultures, but diminished in vs university favor after the Renaissance. Many theories propose to wetenschappelijk essay help explain the common tendency to create composite monsters. Theories include mistranslation in traveler's tales, in which an animal is describing as having a head like such-and-such a creature, but the simile is lost in translation; the encounter of fossil remnants of extinct animals, or bones found jumbled together and misassembled; and the heraldic practice of dimidiation , in which a nobleman's son might take two animals found on his father's and university vs university, mother's coats of arms combine them into a composite creature to illustrate his genealogy. An example in 20th century films includes The Fly . In this 1950s horror classic, a fly and a human trade bodies and heads. Stanford 2013 Equinox. Cf. therianthropic and theriomorphic . COMPOSITOR : A typesetter in a Renaissance print shop. To speed the printing process, most of Shakespeare's plays appear to ohio vs university of kentucky have been set by multiple compositors. As Greenblatt notes, Compositors frequently followed their own standards in spelling and punctuation. They inevitably introduced some errors into oregon the text, often by selecting the wrong piece from the type case or by setting the correct letter upside-down (1141).

COMPOUNDING : A term from linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ( neologism ) that comes about by taking two existing words and university vs university, sticking them together to create a brand new concept (Horobin 192). All languages do this to some extent. For instance, the dickinson college lacrosse fall, word hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water and stuff. However, Germanic languages and Germanic poetry (including derivatives like English) are particularly prone to ohio university of kentucky creating new words this way. Thousands of on christianity English words result from two older words being compounded together, such as bathtub (bath + tub), eyesore (eye + sore); window (from two Old Norse words meaning wind and ohio vs university of kentucky, eye), and state, so on. However, poets regular invent neologisms by compounding to create artificial words of their own.

Even Chaucer engaged in this trick, coining the ohio university vs university, word newfangled from the English new and the Middle French fanglere , meaning to make or to of miami football roster fashion. See neologism , blending , and kenning . COMPURGATION : In addition to trial by ordeal , compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to vs university of kentucky determine innocence. A man accused of a crime would publicly swear to his innocence. The judge then gave the defendant thirty days to to collect a number of oath-helpers who would also swear to gettysburg college fast his innocence (or at least his good character). University Of Kentucky. If he was unable to find the university football roster 2005, required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by ordeal. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky. If the defendant had been caught in the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and prospect day, the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to prove his charge through similar compurgation. CONCEIT (also called a metaphysical conceit) : An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and contradiction. Before the university of kentucky, beginning of the university football roster, seventeenth century, the term conceit was a synonym for thought and roughly equivalent to idea or concept. It gradually came to denote a fanciful idea or a particularly clever remark.

In literary terms, the word denotes a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an extended comparison involving unlikely metaphors , similes , imagery , hyperbole , and oxymora . One of the university vs university, most famous conceits is John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, a poem in 2013 which Donne compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer's compass. Shakespeare also uses conceits regularly in his poetry. University Of Kentucky. In Richard II , Shakespeare compares two kings competing for state university, power to two buckets in a well, for instance. Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky. A conceit is usually classified as a subtype of metaphor . Contrast with epic simile and dyfalu . CONCRETE DICTION / CONCRETE IMAGERY : Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the butler university address, five senses as opposed to ohio of kentucky using abstract or generalized language. For instance, calling a fruit pleasant or good is abstract , while calling a fruit cool or sweet is concrete . The preference for abstract or concrete imagery varies from century to stanford ios programming 2013 equinox century. Philip Sidney praised concrete imagery in poetry in his 1595 treatise, Apologie for Poetrie . University Vs University. A century later, Neoclassical thought tended to value the generality of abstract thought. In the opbouw wetenschappelijk essay help, early 1800s, the ohio, Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley once again preferred concreteness. In the 20th century, the distinction between concrete and abstract has been a subject of some debate.

Ezra Pound and T. E. Hulme attempted to create a theory of dickinson lacrosse fall day concrete poetry. T. S. Eliot added to ohio of kentucky this school of mfa farm thought with his theory of the objective correlative. Contrast with abstract diction / abstract imagery . CONCRETE POETRY : Poetry that draws much of its power from the way the text appears situated on the page. The actual shape of the university vs university of kentucky, lines of text may create a swan's neck, an altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to the meaning of the words. Also called shaped poetry and visual poetry, concrete poetry should not be confused with concrete diction or concrete imagery (see above). The object here is to present each poem as a different shape. It may appear on the page, on glass, stone, wood, or other materials. The technique seems simple, but can allow great subtlety.

Famous concrete poets include Apollinaire, Max Bill, Eugen Gomringer and the Brazilian Noigandres Group, which exhibited a collection of concrete art at Sào Paulo in 1956. In Germany, this school of poetry is called konkretisten by football roster 2005 critics. It includes Ernst Jandl, Achleitner, Heissenbüttel, Mon, and Rühm. Since World War II, further experimentation in concrete poetry has taken place by British poets, including Simon Cutts, Stuart Mills, and Ian Hamilton Finlay. See also diamante . CONFLATION : In its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of a play or narrative that later editors create by combining the ohio university, text from more than one substantive edition. For example, Greenblatt notes that most versions of King Lear published since the 1700s are conflations of the lacrosse fall day, Quarto and First Folio editions of the original Renaissance texts. CONFLICT : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and an antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the ohio university of kentucky, protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behavior, and so on); William Faulkner famously claimed that the most important literature deals with the subject of the human heart in dickinson college fall prospect day conflict with itself. Ohio University. Conflict is the engine that drives a plot.

Examples of narratives driven mainly by conflicts between the protagonist and nature include Jack London's To Build a Fire (in which the Californian struggles to save himself from freezing to death in gettysburg fast facts on christianity Alaska) and Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (in which shipwrecked men in a lifeboat struggle to stay alive and get to shore). Examples of narratives driven by conflicts between a protagonist and ohio university of kentucky, an antagonist include Mallory's Le Morte D'arthur , in dickinson college lacrosse prospect day which King Arthur faces off against his evil son Mordred, each representing civilization and barbarism respectively. Ohio University Vs University. Examples of narratives driven by opbouw wetenschappelijk help internal struggles include Daniel Scott Keyes' Flowers for ohio, Algernon, in which the university, hero struggles with the ohio university of kentucky, loss of his own intelligence to congenital mental retardation, and Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, in which the protagonist ends up struggling with his own guilt after committing a murder. In complex works of literature, multiple conflicts may occur at once. For instance, in Shakespeare's Othello , one level of conflict is the unseen struggle between Othello and the machinations of Iago, who seeks to destroy him. Another level of conflict is Othello's struggle with his own jealous insecurities and opbouw essay help, his suspicions that Desdemona is cheating on him. CONFUCIAN CLASSICS : Five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. The five classics include the I Ching ( The Book of university Changes ), the university of miami 2005, Shu Ching ( The Book of History ), the Shih Ching , ( The Book of Odes ), the Record of Rites ( Li Chi ), and the Spring and Autumn Annals . To see where this material fits in an outline of vs university of kentucky Chinese history, click here. CONJUGATION : The inflection of state cascades a verb to ohio vs university show its person, number, mood, or tense. Here is a sample conjugation of the present tense indicative forms of to sing in English and cantar in Spanish: CONNOTATION : The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary.

For instance, the help, terms civil war , revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to ohio university of kentucky an attempt at university address, social or political change. Ohio University. However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion . Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and it does not necessarily connote violence. 2013. Rebellion , for many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against a legitimate authority (thus we speak about rebellious teenagers rather than revolutionary teenagers). In the same way, the words house and home both refer to a domicile, but home connotes certain singular emotional qualities and personal possession in a way that house doesn't. I might own four houses I rent to others, but I might call none of these my home , for example. Much of poetry involves the poet using connotative diction that suggests meanings beyond what the university, words simply say. Contrast with denotation . CONSONANCE : A special type of football 2005 alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is ohio university vs university, marked by changes in the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ. As M. H. University Address. Abrams illustrates in The Norton Anthology of English Literature , examples include linger , longer , and languor or rider , reader , raider , and ruder . Of Kentucky. Do not confuse consonance with a consonant (see below).

See also assonance and sound symbolism . CONSONANT : A speech sound that is not a vowel. University Football Roster 2005. To download a PDF file listing consonants and their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, click here. CONSUETUDINAL BE : Uninflected use of the verb be to ohio university indicate habitual or frequent action. Opbouw Wetenschappelijk. This grammatical structure is characteristic of ohio vs university Black Vernacular . An example would be as follows: What you be doing on Thursdays? I be working every afternoon. Users of standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE : Literature written at the present moment. Although the writers in alpha address every century would consider themselves contemporary or modern, when speakers use this term, they almost always mean either modernist or postmodernist literature. COTERIE WRITING : Writing intended originally for the amusement or edification of a small circle of friends or family rather than for university vs university, publication or public perusal. Stanford Ios Programming 2013 Equinox. Often, however, such writings later become adopted or modified for publication. Sometimes, the author does this; in other cases, later editors do this posthumously.

Famous examples include Mary Shelley originally created Frankenstein as part of ohio university a ghost-story contest amongst her friends and literary comrades. Aphra Behn originally wrote many of her poems as part of coterie writing, though most of her plays, her philosophical treatises, and roster 2005, Oronooko appear to have penned with a deliberate eye toward publication or financial gain. CONTEXTUAL SYMBOL : A unique or original symbol an author creates within the context of an individual work or an ohio of kentucky, author's collected works. Examples include the Snopes family in Faulkner's collected works, who together function as a symbol of the South's moral decay, or the town of Castle Rock, Maine, which in wetenschappelijk essay Stephen King's works functions as a microcosmic symbol of human society. Contrast with cultural symbol , below. CONTRACTION : The squeezing together of sounds or words--especially when one word blurs into another--during fast or informal speech. Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing. CONTRAPASSIO (counter-suffering): A thematic principle involving situational irony in which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to the nature of a crime.

Much of Dante's Inferno revolves around elaborate contrapassio . CONTROL TEXT : A specific text upon which a modern edition is based. For instance, there are at least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested). These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and ohio university vs university, different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to college fast use as the basis of a modern edition, or she must create a conflation . Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the university vs university, quarto and folio versions--including Hamlet and King Lear . In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur , a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition). CONVENTION : A common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film.

In Harlequin romances, it is conventional to focus on a male and female character who struggle through misunderstandings and difficulties until they fall in love. Of Miami Football Roster 2005. In western films of the early twentieth-century, for instance, it has been conventional for protagonists to wear white hats and antagonists to wear black hats. The wandering knight-errant who travels from place to place, seeking adventure while suffering from the effects of hunger and the elements, is a convention in medieval romances. It is a convention for ohio university vs university of kentucky, an English sonnet to have fourteen lines with a specific rhyme scheme, abab , cdcd , efef , gg , and university of miami roster, so on. The use of a chorus and of kentucky, the unities are dramatic conventions of Greek tragedy, while, the aside , and university cascades, the soliloquy are conventions in university vs university of kentucky Elizabethan tragedy. Conventions are often referred to as poetic, literary, or dramatic, depending upon whether the convention appears in a poem, short story or novel, or a play. CONVENTIONAL : A conventional linguistic trait is an arbitrary one learned from phi house university, others, not one determined by ohio university vs university of kentucky some natural law or genetic inheritance.

Today, most linguists think most vocabulary and oregon, grammar are conventional, but some linguists in previous centuries believed ethnicity affected language development and acquisition. CORPUS CHRISTI PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an event from the ohio university, Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. The word is gettysburg college fast facts, derived from the religious festival of Corpus Christi (Latin: The Body of Christ). University. See also cycle and phi house butler university address, mystery play . CORRESPONDENCES : An integral part of the medieval and Renaissance model of the universe known as the ohio vs university of kentucky, Chain of Being. The idea was that different links on the Chain of university of miami roster 2005 Being were interconnected and had a sort of sympathetic correspondence to each other.

Each type of being or object (men, beasts, celestial objects, fish, plants, and rocks) had a place within a hierarchy designed by God. Each type of object had a primate , which was by nature the most noble, rare, valuable, and superb example of its type. For instance, the king was primate among men, the of kentucky, lion among beasts, the sun among celestial objects, the essay help, whale among fish, the oak among trees, and the diamond among rocks. Often, there was a symbolic link between primates of different orders--such as the lion being a symbol of royalty, or the king sleeping in a bed of oak. This symbolic link was a correspondence. However, correspondences were thought to exist in university vs university the material world as well as in the world of ideas. Disturbances in football nature would correspond to disturbances in the political realm (the body politic ), in the human body (the microcosm ), and in the natural world as a whole (the macrocosm ). For instance, if the king were to become ill, Elizabethans might expect lions and beasts to fall sick, rebellions to break out in the kingdom, individuals to develop headaches or fevers, and university of kentucky, stars to fall from the alpha address, sky. All of these events could correspond to each other on the chain of being, and each would coincide with the others.

For more information about correspondences and the Chain of Being, click here. COSMIC IRONY : Another term for ohio university, situational irony--especially situational irony connected to college fall prospect a fatalistic or pessimistic view of ohio vs university of kentucky life. See discussion under irony , below. COTHURNI : The Greek word for the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage. See discussion under buskins . COTTON LIBRARY, THE : One of the opbouw help, most important collections of Old and ohio university vs university of kentucky, Middle English texts. Click here for details. COTTON NERO A.X : The Middle English manuscript that includes Pearl , Cleanness , Patience , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , and the Legend of Saint Erkenwald . Roster. Click here for details. COTTON VITELLIUS A.XV : The Old English manuscript that includes The Passion of Saint Christopher , The Wonders of the East , and The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle , Beowulf , and the Old English translation of Judith . University Vs University Of Kentucky. Click here for details. COUNTING : A technique of determining stylistic qualities of roster a piece of writing by ohio university vs university counting the numbers of words in opbouw essay paragraphs or sentences, and determining the average number of ohio of kentucky modifiers, average word lengths, and so on. COUPLET : Two lines--the second line immediately following the first--of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit. Geoffrey Chaucer and oregon university, other writers helped popularize the form in English poetry in the fourteenth century.

An especially popular form in later years was the heroic couplet , which was rhymed iambic pentameter. It was popular from the 1600s through the late 1700s. Much Romantic poetry in the early 1800s used the couplet as well. A couplet that occurs after the volta in an English sonnet is called a gemel (see sonnet, volta, gemel ). COURT OF LOV E : In medieval convention, a court of love is an assemblage of women presided over by a queen or noblewoman.

At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and put on university of kentucky, trial by stanford 2013 the ladies for their crimes against love. These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on. Chaucer himself may have been summoned to a court of love for his libelous depiction of Criseyde in Troilus and Criseyde , and Queen Anne may have required him to write The Legend of Good Women as a penance for his literary crimes. In The Wife of Bath's Tale, we find an inversion of the normal play-acting in which King Arthur gives Gwenevere and her ladies the ohio vs university, right to try a rapist-knight for stanford ios programming 2013 equinox, his crimes. Here, the women literally have power of vs university of kentucky life or death over the subject. Andreas Capellanus discusses the courts of love in his medieval writings, and more recent scholars such as C. S. Lewis ( The Allegory of university cascades Love ) and Amy Kelly ( Eleanor of Aquitaine ) discuss the convention at length. University Vs University Of Kentucky. Cf. demand d'amour . COURTLY LOVE (Medieval French: fin amour or amour courtois ): Possibly a cultural trope in the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination, courtly love refers to a code of behavior that gave rise to modern ideas of chivalrous romance. University Football. The term itself was popularized by ohio university of kentucky C. S. Lewis' and Gaston Paris' scholarly studies, but its historical existence remains contested in alpha university critical circles. The conventions of courtly love are that a knight of noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from afar, seeking to ohio university vs university of kentucky protect her honor and win her favor by valorous deeds. He typically falls ill with love-sickness, while the woman chastely or scornfully rejects or refuses his advances in public but privately encourages him.

Courtly love was associated with (A) nobility, since no peasants can engage in fine love; (B) secrecy; (C) adultery, since often the one or both participants were married to another noble who was unloved; and (D) paradoxically with chastity, since the passion should never be consummated due to oregon state mfa farm social circumstances, thus it was a higher love unsullied by selfish carnal desires or political concerns of arranged marriages. In spite of ohio this ideal of dickinson college fall prospect chastity, the knightly characters in literature usually end up giving in to their passions with tragic results--such as Lancelot and Guenevere's fate, or that of Tristan and Iseult. We associate courtly love with French literature primarily, but the concept permeated German and ohio, Italian literature as well. Gettysburg College Facts. The German equivalent of fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger ), and the Italian poets of the dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter. The convention of courtly love eventually becomes a source of ohio university parody. Andreas Capellanus' Rules of Courtly Love provides a satirical guide to wetenschappelijk help the endeavor, and Chretien de Troyes satirizes the conventions in his courtly literature as well. Similar conventions influence Petrarch's poetry and Shakespeare's sonnets. These sonnets often emphasize in university vs university particular the idea of love from afar and unrequited love, and make use of imagery and wording common to the earlier French tradition. In terms of whether or not practices of courtly love were a historical reality, scholars are loosely divided into schools of college lacrosse fall thought, as William Kibler notes. The first group, the so-called realists, argue that such institutions truly did exist in the Middle Ages and the literature of the vs university, time reproduces this realistically.

The opposing school, the so-called idealists, argue that (at best) courtly love was a court game taken ironically as a joke, or (at worst) post-Romantic/Victorian readers have superimposed their own ideals and wishes on medieval culture by exaggerating these components. CRADLE TRICK : A sub-category of the opbouw essay, bed-trick , this is a folk motif in which the position of a cradle in a dark room leads one character to climb into bed with the wrong sexual partner. It appears prominently in Chaucer's The Reeve's Tale. In the Aarne-Thompson folk-index, this motif is usually numbered as motif no. 1363. CREEPYPASTA : A short story posted online designed to shock, frighten, or disconcert the university vs university, reader. For more discussion, see ghost story . CREOLE : A native language combining the traits of multiple languages, i.e., an advanced and fully developed pidgin. Oregon University Cascades Mfa Farm. In the American South, black slaves were often brought in from a variety of university vs university of kentucky African tribes sharing no common language. On the wetenschappelijk, plantation, they developed first a pidgin (limited and ohio university vs university of kentucky, simplified) version of English with heavy Portuguese and African influences. This pidgin allowed slaves some rudimentary communication with each other and with their slave masters.

In time, they lost their original African languages and the mixed speech became the native tongue of their children--a creole. Contrast with pidgin . CRESCENDO : Another term for mfa farm, rhetorical climax . See climax, rhetorical , above. CRISIS (plural: crises ): The turning point of uncertainty and tension resulting from earlier conflict in a plot. At the moment of crisis in a story, it is unclear if the protagonist will succeed or fail in his struggle. The crisis usually leads to or overlaps with the climax of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. See climax, literary , above. CRITICAL READING : Careful analysis of an university vs university, essay's structure and logic in order to determine the validity of an argument.

Often this term is used synonymously with close reading (see above), but I prefer to reserve close reading for football roster, the artistic analysis of literature. Click here for more information about critical reading. Cf. close reading . CRITICUS APPARATUS : The scholarly notations in a critical edition (especially a variorum edition) in which the editor indicates all the known variations of vs university of kentucky a particular text. The apparatus often appears running along the bottom of gettysburg college fast on christianity each page or sometimes in the back of the book, and often incorporates editorial footnotes and glosses. The apparatus can appear quite cryptic to university vs university of kentucky students unfamiliar with the formulaic abbreviations in scholarly use. For instance, below is an fall prospect day, illustrative notation from A. V. C. Schmidt's criticus apparatus for Passus I, line 1, of the Everyman edition of William Langland's Piers Plowman , page 14:

Collation WHmCrGYOC2CLMHRF. RUBRIC Passus primus de visione Wr (pr] Secundus F; de v.] de petri le ploughman BR; om O); om GC2. This notation indicates subsequent lines are collated together in thirteen of the surviving manuscripts, each manuscript being indicated by a special abbreviation. University Vs University. Furthermore, the opening line in manuscripts W and r has a Latin title written in alpha butler red ink (rubricated) as indicated, but another manuscript F has labeled it as secundus rather than primus, while the B and R manuscripts label it in a combination of French and ohio vs university of kentucky, Latin, and so on. A good criticus apparatus helps document all this diversity by gathering it together, line-by-line, for convenient comparison at a glance, but the editor presumes the gettysburg facts, reader knows the dense, standardized abbreviations involved in this notation. For a clearer, hypothetical example, let us imagine Edgar Allan Poe has a poem surviving in three slightly different forms. The most widespread version Poe had published by Smith Publishing early in his career.

Ten years later, Poe revised the poem for a new publisher, Baker Books, and ohio university, they printed this revision a few years after Poe's death. Last of all, a third unpolished version survives in Poe's own handwritten notes. Scholars discover this last manuscript version squirreled away in the Morgan Library in 2012. Modern editors would compile these three sources and select what they consider the best text. Stanford 2013 Equinox. However, they must not ignore the alternative versions by leaving them unnoted and unannotated; that would effectively erase them from history. Accordingly, the editors might add a criticus apparatus . University. Here, they would note the relevant line number and indicate alternatives. The first version by Smith Books (abbreviated S) has the phrase Conqueror Worme appear in line six.

The version by Baker Books (abbreviated B) has a slightly different archaic spelling Conqueror Wyrm in the same spot. Finally, Poe's own original handwritten rough draft of the poem survives among his papers in oregon university cascades mfa farm the Morgan Library (abbreviated Ml). This manuscript uses the abbreviation Conqu. Wm. scrawled in ohio university vs university of kentucky that line. Now, a modern scholar wants to publish an authoritative version of Poe's poem a century later. This modern editor chooses to emend the line to a standardized spelling of Conqueror Worm. The criticus apparatus at oregon state university, the bottom of the page might consist of ohio university vs university a footnote such as this: 6 Conqeror Worm ] S: Conqueror Worme ; B: Conqueror Wyrm , Ml: Conqu. Wm . The 6 indicates line six as the section with variant readings. The words before the bracket ] show readers that the editor considers the preceding version the best text for a modern reader--or at least the version the roster 2005, editor has chosen for his edition.

The material after the bracket lists each variant source and indicates how the ohio, differing material appeared in that source as exactly as possible. A criticus apparatus documents the known variations that might plausibly be accurate and oregon state cascades mfa farm, reminds modern readers of the multiple possible versions an earlier audience might have experienced. This process is especially pertinent in classical and medieval studies, since in the pre-print era, handwritten texts often exhibited striking and even contradictory variant readings. For instance, in the case of The Aeneid , about university vs university of kentucky, 3,000 texts survive with each manuscript containing significant variations. In the case of Chaucer, about 82 versions of the Canterbury Tales survive, all with variant readings.

In the case of Shakespeare, striking differences appear in the F (folio) and Q1, Q2, Q3 (first, second, and third quarto) versions of his plays, and so on. CROSSED RHYME : In long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at the end of each line. Swinburne's Hymn to Proserpine illustrates its use: Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean ; the world has grown grey from Thy breath ; We have drunken of things Lethean , and fed on on christianity, the fullness of death . Laurel is green for ohio, a season , and love is university of miami, sweet for university, a day ; But love grows bitter with treason , and laurel outlives not May . In the opbouw, excerpt above, the words in red are part of crossed rhyme, and the words in green are regular rhyme. Crossed rhyme is also called interlaced rhyme . Contrast with internal rhyme and university vs university, leonine rhyme . CROWN OF SONNETS : According to dickinson college fall day Shipley (142), an interlinked poem or cycle of vs university of kentucky seven sonnets in which the last line of facts on christianity each of the ohio university, first six serves as the last line of the dickinson college lacrosse prospect day, next, and ohio university vs university of kentucky, the last line of the seventh sonnet serves as the first line of the first sonnet.

All other rhymes are used once only in the collection of the entire seven sonnets. An English example would be Donne's La Corona, though the structure is much more common in Italian poetry. A more complicated alternative structure is the so-called heroic crown of sonnets (alias the sonnet redoublé ), which is phi house butler, similar in structure but consists of 15 rather than 7 sonnets in total, but which follows the same rules for rhyme repetitions (Shipley 530). CTHULHU MYTHOS (also spelled Cthulu and Kutulu , pronounced various ways): Strongly influential in pulp science fiction and university vs university, early twentieth-century horror stories , the gettysburg facts on christianity, Cthulhu mythos revolves around a pantheon of malign alien beings worshipped as gods by half-breed cultists. These aliens were invented and ohio vs university of kentucky, popularized by pulp fiction horror writer H. P. Stanford Ios Programming Equinox. Lovecraft. The name Cthulhu comes from Lovecraft's 1928 short story, The Call of Cthulhu, which introduces the creature Cthulhu as a gigantic, bat-winged, tentacled, green monstrosity who once ruled planet earth in prehistoric times. Currently in a death-like state of ohio of kentucky hibernation, it now awaits an opportunity to rise from the underwater city of R'lyeh and plunge the earth once more into ios programming 2013 darkness and terror.

August Derleth later coined the term Cthulhu mythos to describe collectively the settings, themes, and alien beings first imagined by ohio of kentucky Lovecraft but later adapted by alpha phi house address pulp fiction authors like Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, and university of kentucky, Brian Lumley. University. Some common elements, motifs, and characters of the mythos include the following: CULTURAL SYMBOL: A symbol widely or generally accepted as meaning something specific within an entire culture or social group, as opposed to a contextual symbol created by a single author that has meaning only within a single work or group of works. Examples of cultural symbols in Western culture include the cross as a symbol of Christianity, the American flag as a symbol of ohio university vs university America's colonial history of thirteen colonies growing into fifty states, the gold ring as a symbol of university of miami football 2005 marital commitment, the Caduceus as a symbol of medicine, and the color black as a symbol of mourning. Examples of cultural symbols in other cultures include white as a symbol of mourning in Japan, the Yin-Yang sphere as an oriental symbol of oppositional forces in balance, the university of kentucky, white crane as a symbol of longevity in university roster Mandarin China, and so forth. Any writer in a specific culture could use one of these symbols and be relatively confident that the reader would understand what each symbol represented. Thus, if a writer depicted a pedophilic priest as trampling a crucifix into ohio of kentucky the mud, it is likely the reader would understand this action represents the dickinson day, way the priest tramples Christian ideals, and so forth.

Contrast with contextual symbol and archetype . CYBERPUNK MOVEMENT : (1) A loose school of science fiction authors including William Gibson, Bruce Stirling, Rudy Rucker, and Neal Stephenson who rose in popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. (2) A science fiction subgenre that shares the concerns and features of those works produced by the cyberpunk school. Features of their novels and short stories in this period include the following motifs: Common themes include the dehumanization, commodification, and ohio vs university, mechanization of the individual; the negative effects of commercialization upon society; and implicit philosophical questions regarding consciousness and sensory reality. These cyberpunk authors have been profoundly influential in late twentieth-century science fiction films (such as Strange Days , Robocop , etc.) and Japanese anime , where cyberpunk elements have become so common as to be almost cliché . The metaverse or the Net imagined by these early authors in the 1980s have been seen as prophetic of the later real-world rise of the internet after 1993. Examples of novels, anthologies, short stories, and 2013 equinox, other literary works from the ohio vs university of kentucky, cyberpunk movement include Neuromancer , Mona Lisa Overdrive , Islands in the Net , and Johnny Mnemonic. (The last of these has been adapted into an awful film that bears little similarity to the original short story.) More recently, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash has put a more satirical spin on the genre . CYCLE : In general use, a literary cycle is any group of closely related works. We speak of the Scandinavian, Arthurian , and Charlemagne cycles, for stanford ios programming equinox, instance. These refer collectively to many poems and stories written by ohio university of kentucky various artists over several centuries. These cycles all deal with Scandinavian heros, King Arthur and his knights, or the legends of King Charlemagne respectively. More specifically, a mystery cycle refers to roster the complete set of mystery plays performed during the Corpus Christi festival in medieval religious drama (typically 45 or so plays, each of which depicted a specific event in biblical history from the creation of the world to the last judgment). The major English cycles of mystery plays include the York, Coventry, Wakefield or Towneley, and Chester cycles.

See Corpus Christi play , above. See also sonnet cycle . CYHYDEDD HIR : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry. The octave stanza consists two quatrains of four lines with five, five, five, and vs university of kentucky, four syllables respectively. The rhyme scheme is AAAx AAAx , with X's indicating unrhymed lines. See octave and rhyme . CYHYDEDD NAW BAN : A syllabic verse form in gettysburg college on christianity ancient Welsh poetry in which some lines are composed of university of kentucky nine syllables. The rhyming couplets, when they appear, must rhyme with another line of identical length.

CYNGHANEDD (pronounced kun HAN neth , lit. Welsh for symphony or harmony): A Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme . Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at the beginning and end of the next word or line--but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly. In the university address, English tradition of poetry, Gerard Manley Hopkins charmingly refers to such devices as chimes , and he makes much use of them in ohio university of kentucky his works such as Spring and Fall. See also awdl and englyn . For an example of cynghanedd in English, click here. CYNING : A king, another term for an Anglo-Saxon hlaford . Not to be confused with kenning , an Anglo-Saxon poetic device. CYRCH A CHWTA : A Welsh verse form consisting of an university cascades, octave stanza of six rhyming or alliterating seven-syllable lines plus a couplet. Ohio University Of Kentucky. The second line of the couplet rhymes with the first six lines. The first line of the couplet cross-rhymes in the third, fourth, or fifth syllable of the eighth line. CYRILLIC : Also called, azbuka , the alphabet used to write Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian.

The name comes from the 9th-century Greek missionary Saint Cyril, who traveled from Byzantium to address convert Slavic races of Moravia to Christianity. Folklore credits Cyril at the inventor of this script, though it is vs university of kentucky, more likely he invented the Glaglotic , what Harkins refers to as an abtruse alphabet of obscure origin, which soon lost favor (5). Cyrillic, modeled largely on the Greek alphabet, rose to replace Glaglotic, though Cyril retained credit. The alphabet came to Russia later after its Christianization in 988 or 989. Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and alpha, Serbian alphabets were later offshoots of Cyrillic. Peter the of kentucky, Great simplified the alphabet in 1708, so the lettering required less ornate design, and dickinson college lacrosse fall prospect, later modifiers removed four characters as redundant in 1918.

The present alphabet consists of thirty letters, mostly phonetic, though it does not show the ohio, stress of syllables (5). CYWYDD (plural, cywyddau) : A fourteenth-century metrical form of Welsh lyric poetry consisting of rhyming couplets with each line having seven syllables. Traditionally, in each couplet, the lines end with alternately stressed and unstressed meter. In terms of content, cywyddau traditionally include examples of dyfalu --strings of unusual comparisons similar to alpha butler university metaphysical conceits. The genre is associated with the poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. CYWDD DEUAIR HIRION : In Welsh prosody, the of kentucky, term refers to a form of light verse consisting of a single couplet with seventeen syllables. The first line has a masculine ending and state cascades mfa farm, the last line a feminine ending. CYWYDD LLOSGYRNOG : A type of ohio university vs university of kentucky Welsh verse consisting of a sestet stanza in dickinson college lacrosse day which the syllable count is eight, eight, seven, eight, eight, and seven respectively.

The first two lines rhyme and cross-rhyme with the middle syllable of the sixth line and the third and sixth lines rhyme with each other. University Vs University Of Kentucky. Rime coueé or tail-rhyme has a similar scheme.

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e-crm essay Customer relationships management is defined as an amalgamation of organizational information systems, technology and strategy that is centered on proffering better customer service. It is a model that enables an enterprise or organization to interact with prospective and ohio, existing customers, in a structured and university of miami football 2005, systematic way (Fjermestad Romano, 2006, p.21). Suffice to say, it focuses on the application of such emerging technology as Oracle Siebel, the World Wide Web and social media to afford effective and fast customer service. Ohio Of Kentucky. This is oregon cascades mfa farm, through the development of a lasting relationship with each customer, using customer database information systems. Its major objectives include acquiring new customers, retaining the ohio university of kentucky, right existing ones and growing the relationships between the organization and its existing customers. Normally, it is deemed a corporate strategy due to it elemental approach to performing business. Its major goal is to stanford equinox, be customer-driven and customer-focused by running all business aspects to satisfy customers. This is through addressing their product requirements by according with responsive and high-quality customer service (Finnegan, Willcocks, 2007, p. 67). Regardless of the benefits procured from CRM, most firms are currently discovering that CRM is no panacea.

Surmountable research points towards high failure statistics for CRM software and projects. According to Baran, Galka, Strunk (2008, p.62), 50-70% of all CRM projects either fail outrightly or fail to meet their intended expectations. University Of Kentucky. In some cases, the projects might proffer with benefits, but they might fail to produce the benefits that were initially quoted to justify the state university cascades mfa farm, approval of the said projects. Most of these failure rates are associated with such CRM applications as marketing analytics, call center management and ohio university, campaign management. The failures culminate into business disruption, financial losses, years or months of misallocated time, dissatisfied customers, job loss, and permanent damage to reputation or red ink (Bull, 2003, p.595). Whilst most business individuals associate such failure with technology and software, research shows that most CRM projects fail due to lack of a proper business process definition and lack of management discipline. Such failure however can be alleviated through effective CRM implementation. This paper therefore, deals with a close examination of the reasons for the high failure rates of the CRM projects and ways in which their implementation can be improved.

Reasons for the High failure Rates of the CRM Projects. As indicated in the introduction the reasons for the failure could either be technical or nontechnical. CRM application software and essay help, strategy is deemed a powerful application that could ascertain the achievement of tactical goals, effective customer service processes and strategic objectives. For the sustained success of this powerful combination to be obtained, CRM effort should be focused and of kentucky, aligned with the organization’s strategic imperatives. In cases where the ios programming 2013, organization has clear-cut strategies but does not understand them nor express them in measurable, clear and specific terms, The CRM project will definitely fail since it normally incorporates components for furthering the organization’s goals (Chan, 2005, p.34). This is also associated with ill-defined business processes and unclear business objectives. Ohio. Simply automating the current business process to fit the CRM project rather than implementing it to support the business, will definitely culminate into failure.

This calls for the fundamental understanding of the business model being applied to make sure that the CRM project implemented supports the business. View of CRM as a technology Solution. Often CRM projects are challenged when viewed as projects only focused on technology or IT. Gettysburg. Viewing them as software solutions leads to failure to realize the strategic benefits since the users are reluctant to use systems that are solely selected, installed and operationalized by the IT department (Kale, 2005, p.43). Flawless integration and vs university, installation of the software will be insufficient to enhance the CRM project’s success as long as customer perspective and viewpoints are not changed. Lack of Commitment from Project Sponsors. Failure to college on christianity, obtain the ohio of kentucky, active, visible and vocal project sponsorship might culminate into the failure of the CRM project.

The failure to acquire sponsorship might be due to lack of commitment or lack of full comprehension of the project and phi house, its intended outcomes. Often, those in charge of the project’s budget need to understand its outcomes, for them to commit (King Burgess, 2008, p. 426). In addition, their commitment might be impinged upon by lack of understanding of the project. Ohio. This affects their involvement in the project’s direction and college facts, strategy. Intrinsically, poor communication about the project might hinder commitment. When the above are not considered, adequate budgetary allocations to the project are not made leading to failure. Non-achievement of vs university, User Adoption. The CRM project success is negatively affected when most users grudgingly and slowly accept the inevitable change brought about by the new system.

Initially, the organization might believe that it is achieving the originally intended objectives simply because the alpha, software is being applied by the users (Kotorov, 2003, p. 568). A close examination of this scenario however, indicates that the unenthusiastic utilization of the CRM system might lead to eventual failure, albeit on a slower rate. When the university of kentucky, staff involved in the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) and gettysburg on christianity, design workshops are not carefully selected, they will carry out their responsibilities with no intent or motivation, thus they will not acquire the cited business benefits of the system. Force is normally inapplicable in the long term. Lack of Management Discipline. The necessary details required for completing the needed business changes before rolling out the CRM project do not frequently occur without employee and top-down leadership buy-in. All support teams are usually affected by the changes introduced through the CRM project (Morgan, 2007, p.52). When no horizontal and vertical executive communications on the benefits of the project is ohio, done, the employees might end up rejecting the said project. This indicates that management discipline is fall day, required for maintaining competitive customer focus.

Intrinsically, employees need to be accorded with adequate training on the systems to enhance their acceptance. Failure of Change Management. When change is inadequately managed, the ohio vs university of kentucky, CRM project will unquestionably fail. Gettysburg College Facts. This is because management of any type of change associated with systems, processes and people necessitates proper communication, co-ordination and communication of the vs university of kentucky, applicable schedule. Insufficient preparation of the people, processes and systems will infringe on university roster the application of the system within the specified timeline (Mukerjee, 2007, p.89). Ohio University Vs University. All users, support staff and the technical staff should be accorded with different training to gettysburg fast facts on christianity, allow them to of kentucky, identify with their roles. Lack of Management of People at Risk. Uncertainty and Stress in gettysburg college facts the working environment is usually created by changes in ohio university vs university of kentucky the existing work practices.

Implementing a new CRM project typically replaces the old, people, systems and processes. Such uncertainty creates fear and leads to lack of morale or resistance during key initiatives (Shumanov Ewing, 2007, p.76). In addition, lack of culture management can lead to high attrition, poor motivation and lack of morale. Intrinsically, constant change requirements, stringent timelines, long working hours and unrealistic client expectations can lead to failure of the phi house butler university address, project. Improper software selection. CRM projects are characterized by failure when software solution is selected based on a subjective criteria that does not consider the ohio, precise functional capabilities that should enhance the alignment of the software to the business objectives and goals. This frequently occurs when the project team is enamored by the vendors during the CRM software demo (Kale, 2005, p.44). When this happens, the help, project is ohio university vs university, faced by ios programming 2013 equinox, failed ROI and challenged deployment.

The buyers should therefore focus of selecting software by applying the concrete and salient criteria developed during the information gathering process. Selection of CRM system without taking Prior Technology Investments into ohio of kentucky, consideration. The type of choices made when selecting the appropriate CRM technology could pose far reaching implications that might only be recognized when the deployment has already been done. This could be highly detrimental to the project’s success. Such technology decision as open source or commercial, industry or horizontal specific, on-demand or on-premise, mobile, analytics and social CRM, as well as, the legal systems and consumer technologies could impact on technology investment (Chan, 2005, p.36). When not made after considering the alpha butler address, existing IT infrastructure and ohio university vs university of kentucky, investment, they will incur complexities during support, upgrades, customization and integration. Data quality and integrity are vital measures for successful CRM implementation. A high number of the troubled CRM deployments acquire project delays in the early stages, due to non-survey of the available data before conversions are made. In most cases, this is stanford ios programming equinox, followed by vs university of kentucky, the inconvenient discovery of incomplete, duplicate, bogus and dirty data (King Burgess, 2008, p. 427). This in turn necessitates the addition of data cleansing activities into the project plan, therefore infringing upon the project progress during its early stages. Over-Customization of the New CRM Project or Software.

After the wrong selection of the CRM software, the state cascades, packaged system cannot meet the intended functional requirements. Most project teams are therefore, forced to customize the existing software to develop the unique feature sets needed to ohio, support the gettysburg on christianity, Organization’s competitive advantage (Morgan, 2007, p.51). When this customization strategy surpasses the core software constructs, it leads to budget and time overruns. When completed, it is typically expensive to support, cumbersome to upgrade, and university of kentucky, complex to manage. Options to Improve the Effectiveness of CRM Implementation. To improve the effectiveness of the CRM implementation, identification of the requirements in each step of the CRM project is required. The steps include business and strategy, goals objectives, people, processes, technology and package selection. First, the CRM project selected should be sufficiently aligned to the business strategy.

The next step should be to identify the goals and objectives that include those associated with addressing the strategic issue and those linked to correcting problems. Oregon State Cascades Mfa Farm. This should be followed by enhancing the buy-in of the top management, concerned staff and the end users by training and educating them on vs university of kentucky the benefits of the new system (Fjermestad Romano, 2006, p.54). Next is to identify and manage the change of processes required during the alpha butler university address, rolling of the project. Ohio Of Kentucky. This should be followed by oregon cascades, technological considerations in terms of the customer data required, existing IT infrastructure, integration with other systems, the type of ohio, interfaces to be used and the architecture to be applied. The last step should be the fast facts, technology selection. This should only be done after research on the internal business needs has been conducted. This is to university vs university, ensure that the final software selected support the organization’s business processes. Based on the above information, CRM implementation can be improved through the following ways.

As a major element of corporate strategy, CRM needs six elemental operational requirements that include, having a centric strategy, having redesigned or improved processes, acquiring people commitment, and possessing the adequate infrastructure and technology. For the CRM strategy to ios programming 2013, be successfully implemented, it should be aligned with all company strategies (Finnegan, Willcocks, 2007, p. 87). When introducing the CRM strategy, the project team should begin with the operational CRM which should be later augmented by university of kentucky, the analytical and collaborative CRM. Data Structure and Management. Before the gettysburg college facts on christianity, implementation of the CRM strategy, proper data mining and management should be conducted.

Customer data is normally scattered across multiple organizational departments and stored in formats that are incompatible. This calls for integration of data formats that can only vs university be achieved through proper data mining (Bull, 2003, p.599). Data management should also be effected to ensure the right sharing of data both by university of miami roster 2005, the customers and university of kentucky, the staff, as well as, assure the synchronization of the data across all business processes and proper data conversion to eliminate problems of dirty data. Online and Offline Channel Integration. Prior to of miami 2005, the CRM implementation process, the ohio university of kentucky, offline and online channels should be integrated. This involves integrating both people backed channels with such electronic interaction channels as social media (Baran, Galka, Strunk, 2008, p.69). Currently, most customers interact with the organization using the overall available organization channels. Ensuring a synchrony in these tradition CRM and e-CRM will definitely enhance the phi house butler university address, successful implementation of the new CRM project.

Ensure that the CRM software is selected based on business demands and the CRM focus. This will culminate into university, the achievement of the intended goals and objectives. Football. Second, a standard CRM software that incorporates minimal customization should be used. This will alleviate such complexity issues as expensive to support, cumbersome to upgrade, and complex to manage which are associated with over-customized software (Chan, 2005, p.40). Third, the project team should ensure that the operational CRM systems are correctly integrated with the collaborative and analytical CRM. The users, as well as, the university vs university, support and technical staff should be involved from the oregon state mfa farm, onset of the CRM project.

The project team should provide with clear communication of the CRM project goals, objectives and benefits to university of kentucky, all stakeholders, to enhance their buy-in. College Lacrosse Day. This will work towards augmenting the commitment of the university vs university, sponsor to of miami 2005, the project and acceptance of the university vs university of kentucky, new system by the users and staff (Shumanov Ewing, 2007, p.76). Prior research should be conducted to ascertain that the facts on christianity, CRM project does not conflict with the ohio university of kentucky, existing organization culture. Change should be adequately managed before and during CRM implementation. All users, as well as, support and technical staff should be accorded with different training to allow them to identify with their roles and responsibilities. Roster. Such people risks as uncertainty, stress constant change requirements, stringent timelines, long working hours and unrealistic client expectations should be effectively controlled and managed to alleviate their negative effect on the CRM project (Hendricks, Singhal, Stratman, 2007, p.72).

In addition, proper communication of ohio university, what CRM is cascades, should be accorded to all stakeholders to engender their perspective to the fact that CRM is an university amalgamation of organizational information systems, technology and strategy. As a model that enables an organization to opbouw wetenschappelijk essay, interact with prospective and existing customers in a structured and systematic way for the achievement of business goals and objectives, CRM is a corporate strategy adopted by of kentucky, much business. Regardless of its many intended objectives, it has been deemed no panacea due to its highly documented failure statistics. This paper has significantly examined those reasons by classifying them under technical and dickinson lacrosse fall, non-technical reasons. While the technical are associated with the university vs university of kentucky, technical aspect of the software, the non-technical are linked to the other organizational aspects that might hinder the essay, successful implementation of the system. Following the clear explication of the reasons, this paper has also propounded the options to improve the effectiveness of CRM implementation. These options encompass solutions to alleviate the reasons for failure.

In conclusion, this paper has provided both the reasons for failure of CRM projects and ways in which they can be alleviated. Baran, R. J., Galka, R. J., Strunk, D. P., 2008. Principles of ohio university vs university, customer relationship management , Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Bull, C., 2003. Strategic Issues in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Implementation. Business Process Management Journal, 9 (5), pp.592–602.

Chan, J. O., 2005. Toward a Unified View of Customer Relationship Management. Journal of American Academy of Business, 1, pp.32–39. Fjermestad, J., Romano, N. C., 2006. Electronic Customer Relationship Management , Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Finnegan, D., Willcocks, L., 2007. Implementing CRM: From technology to knowledge , Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Hendricks, K. B., Singhal, V. Gettysburg. R., Stratman, J. Vs University Of Kentucky. K., 2007. The Impact of opbouw essay, Enterprise Systems on Corporate Performance: A Study of ERP, SCM, and CRM System Implementations. Journal of Operations Management , 25, pp.

65-82. Kale, S. Ohio Of Kentucky. H., 2005. CRM Failure and alpha phi house butler university, the Seven Deadly Sins. Marketing Management, 13 (5), pp.42–46. King, S-F., Burgess, T-F., 2008. Understanding Success and Failure in Customer Relationship Management. Industrial Marketing Management , 37, pp. 421-431.

Kotorov, R., 2003. Customer Relationship Management: Strategic Lessons and Future Directions. Business Process Management Journal, 9 (5), pp.566–571. Morgan, J., 2007. Customer Information Management (CIM): The key to successful. CRM in financial services. Journal of Performance Management , 20(2), pp.47-65. Mukerjee, K., 2007. Customer relationship management: A strategic approach to university vs university, marketing , New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of university of miami 2005, India Pte.

Ltd. Shumanov, M., Ewing, M., 2007. Developing a global CRM strategy, International. Journal of E-Business Research , 3(2), pp. 70-83.

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