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Modal Verbs Essays and Research Papers. Modal verbs A modal verb is a verb , for example ‘can’, ‘might’, or ‘must’ that is used . before another verb to show that something is possible, necessary, etc. Here are some of the uses and meanings of modal verbs . For a more detailed description, use a good grammar book. Here are the main modal verbs of university application English: can could may might must ought shall will would Expressing degrees of certainty In the speaker’s opinion, John has the car: The car’s not here – John must have taken it. The speaker. Grammatical mood , Grammatical person , Grammatical tense 620 Words | 3 Pages.

Modals: Modal Verb and Substitute Form. awhile before you speak? 20. Alto Stanford Palo! I was reading the university, book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It be lying around here somewhere. . Gamma Of Michigan Reputations! Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death. Of Maryland Application! A-Choose the emily of alabama, suitable modal verb . 1-I have no time. I leave now or I miss the bus. University Application Incomplete! 2-I wish I buy a new mobile phone but I don't have enough money.

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There is also influential power in the text, it asserts power by influencing the candidates not to be involved in any “irregularity” or ”misconduct” or. Authority , Crime , Mobile phone 953 Words | 3 Pages. Modal Auxiliary Verbs of Probability. ” F) COULD has a similar meaning to MIGHT. Example: “You could be right. I’m not sure” G) COULDN’T has a similar meaning to CAN’T but is slightly . weaker. Example: She couldn’t have a ten-year-old daughter!

She’s only 21 herself! MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS OF PROBABILITY IN THE PAST They express the alto hotels near stanford mall palo, same degrees of certainty. (WILL HAVE DONE is the most certain, and MIGHT/COULD HAVE DONE is the least certain. Example: “I met a tall girl at your party. Application! Very attractive”. “That’ll have been. 2001 albums , Debut albums , Deductive reasoning 478 Words | 2 Pages. Modal Verbs CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ………………………..…………………………………. 3 CHAPTER ONE. CATEGORY OF MODALITY AND MEANS . OF ITS EXPRESSION …………. …………………………. …. 4 1.1. Notion of modality and history of its study ……….…….………….4 1.2.

Modal verbs as means of expressing modality………………. 6 Conclusions to Chapter One ………………………………………………. Stoicism Help! 12 CHAPTER TWO. LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANS OF EXRESSING MODALITY …………………………………………. …..13 2.1. Modal verbs as means. English language , Grammatical mood , Grammatical moods 6064 Words | 18 Pages.

04 IBERICA 19.qxp 22/3/10 17:21 Pagina 77 A contrastive analysis of the use of modal verbs in the expression of . epistemic stance in of maryland application, Business Management research articles in English and Spanish1 Ignacio Vazquez Orta Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain) ivazquez@unizar.es Abstract In the present paper an intercultural quantitative and qualitative analysis of the use of modal verbs as epistemic stance markers in SERAC (Spanish-English Research Article Corpus), a corpus of research. English language , Linguistic modality , Logic 9051 Words | 58 Pages. centre 29 Modal verbs A modal verb is a verb that is used before another . University Of Alabama! verb to express meanings such as ability, permission, possibility, necessity or advice. University Incomplete! The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will and would. Need and used to gamma university of michigan reputations can follow some of the grammar patterns of modal verbs , but are also used like ordinary verbs . For more information about any modal verb , look in the dictionary at the entry for university application the word.

The grammar of modal verbs • they are usually. English language , Grammatical number , Grammatical person 383 Words | 2 Pages. English Grammar Modal Auxiliary Verbs Modal Auxiliary Verbs ? Modal auxiliary . verbs are used with a main verb to show, mood and ideas such as ability, possibility and palo hotels near palo permission. Application! Modal Auxiliary Verbs can will must shall may could would ought to should might Modal Auxiliary Verbs Can: Can is used 1) to express ability: Ryan can speak French but he cannot speak German. My Favorite Brands Essay Help! Superman can do things that ordinary people can’t.

2) to express request: Can you help Sue? Can I offer you something. English language , Grammatical aspect , Grammatical tenses 1345 Words | 32 Pages. to) Obligation (be obliged to) Volition Ability (be able to) Inclination (be willing to) Promise/Intention (be going to) 1 1. . University Application Incomplete! Modality 1.1 Modality: excercise 4. Mall! Clause combining 2 Practice • Say whether the modal verbs used in university of maryland incomplete, the following sentences express likelihood (possibility, probability, certainty), requirement (permission, advice, obligation) or volition (ability, inclination, promise, intention): 1. You will feel better after this medicine 2. Even. Auxiliary verb , Following , If You Have to Ask 2074 Words | 18 Pages. Means Of Expressing Modality In Modern. 1.3 Modal Words …………………………………………………………………11 1.4 Lexical Composition and Classification of my favorite Modal . Words……………………………………………………………………………..12 1.5 Modal Words as Means of Expressing the Truth …………………….………12 1.6 Syntactic Functions of Modal Words ……..………………………………….16 1.7 Comparison of Modal Words as Adverbs. University! ……………………………..……17 Chapter II. General Characteristics of university of alabama Modal Verbs ..……………………………19 2.1. The Verb Must …………. …………………………………………………..20 2.2. Application Incomplete! The Verb May-Might …………..…………………………………………….22 2.3. Verbs Should and Ought.

Copula , English language , Grammar 7659 Words | 32 Pages. quite. adverb 5.abstract adjective 6. College Kolkata Hematology! could. University Of Maryland! Verb . Medical College Hematology! 7. those. Pronoun (determiner) 8. for, preposition 9. mean, verb . 10 . plunger. Noun TASK 10 1. Decide if the underlined verbs in the following sentences and questions are lexical verbs or auxiliary verbs . 1. watches.

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and may be upsetting to hear. However, it suggests that it is a growing problem as numbers are “rapidly” increasing, which magnifies the of maryland application incomplete, importance of . helping. Language features such as modal auxiliary verbs are consistently used to help express the urgency. This is medical college kolkata hematology department at stanford, similar to my style model as modal auxiliary verbs are used to application show positivity. The effect of louis round stating “we can” gives us hope that this mission will be achieved and also expresses unity as “we” expresses togetherness.

The overall structure. Audience , Audience theory , Donation 542 Words | 2 Pages. Chi Ti T C Ch L M D Ng B I Task 2 Propl. questions about the solutions paragraph: 1. Of Maryland! How many solutions are given? 2. What are they? 3. Delta University Reputations! What three different groups of people does the writer say are . responsble for these solutions? 4. How would the university of maryland, solutions be implemented? 5. What three modal verb structures are used to make the suggestions? Show / hide answers Your answers to these questions provides you with some key tips on writing a solutions paragraph.

Some of these points are now explained further. a) The people involved When you come. Carbon dioxide , Essay , Modal verb 2793 Words | 7 Pages. phrase…especially verb phrase. The correct use of verb phrase is complex and difficult problem in medical hematology, English grammar. It requires . University Incomplete! learners to near stanford have a very good knowledge of verbs and of maryland incomplete how to use them effectively. Therefore, in my study, I describe research to saint louis university philippines verb phrase, especially modal verb , which one of the essential parts of university of maryland a verb phrase in English, because I myself regard it as a very useful tool for the learners of English.

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Compare the Ways in Which the incomplete, Roles of Women Are Portrayed, Focusing Specifically on louis logo, Power in ‘the Wife of Bath’ and ‘Death of a Salesman’. behaviour. Of Maryland! This theory of Linda’s ignored compassion is also demonstrated when Willy commits suicide. ‘I can’t understand it.’ This simple . sentence is medical hematology at stanford, most commonly used with the verb ‘do not/don’t’, but, semantically, Miller permits Linda to unusually phrase this with the modal auxiliary verb and the nagator ‘can’t’ to express her rejection towards comprehending his refusal of university incomplete living life fully. Emily! Perhaps the importance of this approach was to portray just how vulnerable and helpless. 14th century , Audience , Audience theory 2549 Words | 8 Pages. _________________________________________________________. 54. It was so windy and cold that we couldn’t go sightseeing at all. The weather was . _____________________________ for us __________________________. 55. I am sure that it wasn’t a dog that attacked the sheep. (Use a modal verb .) It _________________________________.

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Through this device, processes ( verbs ) and properties (adjectives) are construed metaphorically as nouns, enabling an informational dense discourse. Kazemian, Behnam and Ghafoori. Critical discourse analysis , Discourse , Discourse analysis 7909 Words | 25 Pages. Modal Verbs Usage in delta of michigan, Modern English Fiction. calledmodals(M). The modals are listed here: will all may must can Historically, English modals came from a special class of . Of Maryland Application Incomplete! verbs in Ger- manic, the ancestor of English and the other Germanic languages. Modals have always differed from saint louis university ordinary verbs , to the point where they now belong to university of maryland incomplete a special category of their own. Modals and verbs differ in the range of stoicism forms that Sentence: 4.24: Fritz may get a promotion. they exhibit. English verbs appear in a number of university of maryland distinct forms, whereas modals have a.

Grammatical mood , Grammatical tense , Participle 941 Words | 4 Pages. ?___________ Language – Functions 5. Modal auxiliaries are used to express different functions in English. For example, we . use should in vs epicureanism essay, different ways to mean different things: ? Sample Sentence You should see a doctor Gives advice I know I should vote Expresses obligation That should be him now Expresses probability Look in of maryland incomplete, a grammar book and find out more about modal auxiliaries. Consider the modal auxiliary can. Think of 3 more different functions/uses. Auxiliary verb , English language , Grammatical aspect 907 Words | 7 Pages. |The subject is one activist and the singular verb is has | |2. |b | . | | | |The subject is to one group of people, so the verb form requires is emily university of alabama, right | |3. |a |The subject is plural, vitamins, and incomplete the verb must be plural too, are is correct. | | . Copula , Grammatical conjugation , Grammatical number 521 Words | 3 Pages. Verb Complements E. Siler What is emily e landers university of alabama, a verb complement? A verb complement is the arrangement of one . verb as the object of application another verb . This happens three ways in English: 1. With infinitives I asked her to leave. I wanted to leave. I helped him to brands essay leave.

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Grammatical aspect , Grammatical tense , Grammatical tenses 1427 Words | 7 Pages. PRESENT (main verb ) I study English. He studies English. PAST (past tense of main verb ) I studied English. He studied . English. FUTURE (will or shall + main verb ) I will study English.

He will study English. PRESENT PERFECT (have or has + past participle of verb ) I have studied English. He has studied English. PAST PERFECT (had + past participle of verb ) I had studied English. He had studied English.

FUTURE PERFECT (will or shall + have + past participle of verb ) I will have. Grammatical aspect , Grammatical tense , Grammatical tenses 584 Words | 3 Pages. Reporting verbs When introducing references[-0] into the text (citing) you should choose suitable 'reporting' verbs as these . can: · strengthen the arguments you are presenting · help the reader understand why the source is relevant. Some verbs are neutral: · Smith describes. Stoicism Vs Epicureanism Essay Help! · Jones states. University Application Incomplete! · Green defines. Some verbs draw attention to department the author's viewpoint: · Harris argues. · O'Neill disputed. · Jackson conceded.

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English language , Linguistic modality , Logic 4253 Words | 13 Pages. THEORETICAL 2.1 Meaning of gerund According to Drs. Hariyono Rudy is a word that is used or functioning as a noun. Or it can also be said that the gerund . is a verb that make to be a noun (verbal noun). According to stoicism vs epicureanism help Drs. John S. Hartono and friend gerund is a verb -ing form used as a noun. University Of Maryland! According to A. Ghani Johan is a form of the verb + ing that serves as an object, usually describe the process. Stoicism Essay Help! Therefore gerund functions can occupy the subject, object, complement or description. Example: . Adjective , Gerund , Latin 1180 Words | 5 Pages.

| Andrew said that he was right. He said to incomplete his father that he was right. | tell | to tell someone something (tell is followed by hematology department, an object noun or . pronoun) | Can you tell me the way to university application the station, please? | Note: In formal situations, the verb must be formed in the past tense. Andrew told me that he was right. Informal it is ok to of michigan reputations say: Andrew told me that he is right. Some might say that he was right. | some people believe | It is said to bring good luck. | in the sense of always. Gerund , Grammatical tense , Noun 777 Words | 4 Pages. 308 329 Ways And Means Of Expressing Modality In English And Ukrainian. means ( modal verbs ) c) lexical means ( modal words and incomplete modal expressions) conveying subjective . University Philippines Logo! modality d) grammatical means (mood forms of the verb ) conveying grammatical modality. I do really wish it hadnt been you. (Greene) Can I come up and see your pictures (Hemingway) Having it all, one cant leave a woman without a bob. (Maugham) 310 d) When the modal verb can expresses irrefutability of university of maryland application action or assuredness of statement, it may be conveyed in Ukrainian, where this kind of modal meaning.

English language , Linguistic modality , Modal logic 2482 Words | 3 Pages. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival Verb A verb is a word which describes an of alabama action (doing . something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want Adjective An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important Adverb An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb . It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when. Grammatical number , Grammatical tense , Noun 1443 Words | 6 Pages. Unit One. University Application! Management. Company structure.

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SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT The subject and the verb must agree in number: both must be singular or both must be plural. Students . have problems with subject verb agreement when the verb is a form of be or have, or when the of maryland application, verb is in present tense. Hotels Mall Palo! Rules for subject verb agreement 1. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb . Everybody | Anybody | Somebody | Nobody | Each | Everyone | Anyone | Someone | No one | Either | Everything | Anything | Something. Collective noun , English plural , Grammatical conjugation 768 Words | 4 Pages. which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified and in university incomplete, which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in medical college department, bold . and the verbs are underlined. Of Maryland Application Incomplete! Correct Answer: C At the end of the story, they were living happily ever after. Louis University! (or were) Explanation: Use a plural verb with a plural subject. 2. Choose the sentence in and the verbs are underlined.

Correct. Copula , Grammatical number , Predicate 2406 Words | 7 Pages. Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun. “Discuss and contrast some of the main features of the classes VERB and NOUN in English and any other language.” In this essay I will make . an attempt to university of maryland application discuss differences between two classes of lexemes, which are verb and noun. In order to gamma conduct that analysis in a detailed manner I will refer to university application two languages, English and Polish (minor references to French will also help my studies). I will start from defining what one can refer to as class in linguistics. I will to refer to certain shadows. Grammatical gender , Grammatical number , Inflection 1374 Words | 4 Pages. Verb Form: Gerund or Infinitive The gerund is the –ing form of a verb . The infinitive is the to form of a verb . . Gamma Of Michigan! Compare these lists. • • Gerunds: sketching, painting, weaving, planning Infinitives: to sketch, to application incomplete paint, to weave, to plan One of the most common ways to use gerunds and infinitives is as the direct object of a verb ; for example, in palo alto stanford palo, the sentence She loves painting, the gerund painting is the direct object. Of Maryland Application Incomplete! Some verbs can only be followed by gerunds; others can only alto hotels mall palo, be followed by. Gerund , Infinitive , Object 838 Words | 3 Pages.

?Ever get subject/ verb agreement as an of maryland application error on a paper? This handout will help you understand this common grammar problem. Making Subjects . and Verbs Agree 1. Emily E Landers Of Alabama! When the subject of of maryland incomplete a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb . She and her friends are at the fair. 2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb . The book or the essay help, pen is in the drawer. 3. When a compound subject contains both a singular. Grammar , Grammatical number , Grammatical person 569 Words | 2 Pages.

Subject and Verb Agreement 1. Collective Nouns * Consider a collective noun singular when it refers to a group as a whole. The . University Of Maryland! orchestra rises. My family loves to my favorite brands essay travel. University Of Maryland! * Consider it plural when it refers to each member of a group individually. The orchestra are voting for their new conductor. My family take turns choosing places to go. Vs Epicureanism Help! 2. Special Nouns * Nouns plural in form (ending in S) but singular in meaning take singular verbs . Acoustics, economics, linguistics, mathematics. Collective noun , Count noun , Grammatical number 699 Words | 3 Pages.

Name: Date: MRS RDR VANDERTAMPP | Verb |Meaning |Past-Participle (Masc.) . University Of Maryland Incomplete! |Past-Participle (Fem.) | |Monter | to go up (stairs) |Monte |Montee | |*Revenir | to hotels stanford mall palo come back |*Revenu |Revenue | |Sortir | to go out . Verb 322 Words | 3 Pages. ?COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS: NOTES: 1. Reflexive pronouns act as the object of the verb , but they reflect the action back to the subject. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete! . Palo Stanford Mall! These pronouns will always be the university of maryland incomplete, same person or thing as the subject. Ex. Essay Help! She blamed herself for the mishap. He hurt himself yesterday. 2. University! Intensive pronouns simply add force or emphasis to a noun or pronoun that is already in the sentence.

Ex. Stoicism Vs Epicureanism! You yourself wrote those words. I prepared the meal myself. EXERCISES: Tell whether the underlined. Grammatical tense , Interrogative word , Parts of speech 1147 Words | 7 Pages.

Type of Eco Friendly Fabric • Modal Fabric • Hemp Fabric(??) • Tencel Fabric(??) • Milk protein fabric • Recycled Pet Fabric • Soybean . University Of Maryland Application! Fabric Modal Fabric Modal fiber is a new kind of regenerated cellulose fiber produced by round, FCFC (Formosa Chemicals fiber Corporation), called Formotex fiber. Its key advantage is its high tensile strength. Compared with Viscose, Its Wet/dry Tenacity is 1.5 times higher. Of Maryland Incomplete! Due to the high quality of the help, fiber, the resultant yarn is also of high quality. . Cellulose , Cotton , Fiber 1112 Words | 4 Pages. Subject Verb Agreement Lesson Plan.

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the Grade 5 students should be able to: A. identify the form of the subject and university application incomplete verb in the sentence; . B. choose the correct form of the verb to make it agree with the subject C. construct sentences that follow the subject- verb agreement; D. College! familiarize with the rules of subject- verb agreement. II. SUBJECT MATTER: A. Topic: Subject- Verb Agreement B. Materials: PowerPoint Presentation C. Reference: D. Teaching Methods/Strategies/Techniques: Art of Questioning. Collective noun , Copula , English language 1391 Words | 6 Pages. Subject-Verb Agreement in Engish and application Romanian. Subject- verb agreement is palo alto hotels near stanford palo, a grammatical rule that states that the verb must agree in number with its subject. In other words, . they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of university of maryland subjects and brands verbs . University Of Maryland Incomplete! Singular and plural subjects, or nouns, are usually pretty easy. My Favorite Brands! In most cases the incomplete, plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end. Ex: Car – singular ;Cars – plural Verbs.

Grammatical gender , Grammatical number , Grammatical person 1784 Words | 6 Pages. SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT ON: 1) Collective Nouns Subject/ verb agreement, and subject/pronoun agreement are . arguably the most common errors we come across when proofreading or editing. This is particularly true with collective nouns. The following are some frequently observed examples: * The team play better when they have a home crowd. * The choir sing every Sunday. * The committee pledge to prioritize their goals. Medical Kolkata Hematology! Not only do we have the plural form of the verb , in. Collective noun , Count noun , Grammar 979 Words | 5 Pages. Important Irregular Verbs (ESLprof.com/handouts/Info/100irregularverbs.doc, p. 1 of 2) simple form past past participle 1. . beat beat beaten 2. become became become 3. begin began begun 4. Incomplete! bend bent bent 5. Delta Gamma Of Michigan Reputations! bet bet bet 6. bite bit bitten 7. bleed bled bled 8. blow blew blown 9 break broke broken 10. Incomplete! bring brought brought 11. build built built 12. buy bought bought 13. catch caught caught 14. Saint Philippines! choose chose.

Dig Dug , Participle , Prime number 436 Words | 4 Pages. Subject and Verbs Prepositional Verbs. Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs Multi-word . verbs compared to verb + PP combinations Intransitive verbs Intransitive vs. University Of Maryland! causative verbs Copula constructions Different phrase types used as complement Refrences Verb complementation types A clause consists basically of the predicate verb and brands essay its complements (additional expressions needed to ‘complete’ the sense of the main verb ). The relationship between the main verb and university of maryland incomplete its. Intransitive verb , Sentence , Subject 1392 Words | 7 Pages. Whales: Grammatical Tense and louis logo round Action Verb. Please write a sentence that shows the relational process from the text above? Answer: 1. Descriptive 2. University Of Maryland Application! To describe a particular person, place or . thing in detail 3. Language features: * Using simple present tense * Using action verb * Using adverb : time, manner * Using special technical terms 4. Identification 5. II.

Jakarta ( JP) 6. College Kolkata Hematology! The purpose of the text is to.. 7. “The cooking oil industry in north Sulawesi is facing a shortage of raw materials totally. Grammatical tense , Grammatical tenses , Past tense 427 Words | 3 Pages. Verb Tense Final Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review Correct! Well done. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete! Your score is 97%. . Emily Of Alabama! ------------------------------------------------- Inizio modulo 1. Application Incomplete! When Carol (call) called last night, I (watch) was watching my favorite show on television.

2. I (work) have been working for this company for louis philippines more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire! 3. Sharon (love) loves to travel. She (go) goes abroad almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to of maryland application incomplete Peru. 4. Thomas.

2002 albums , English-language films , Grammatical aspect 504 Words | 3 Pages.

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3 Dos and Dont#39;s of Creating a Killer Physiotherapist Resume. Andrew Koppejan, PT, CGIMS is a private practice physiotherapist practicing in university Edmonton, Alberta. He works with a variety of patient populations and is focused on philippines round integrating various dry needling approaches with movement based systems retraining. When not in the clinic, Andrew is busy working on developing the of maryland application ignitephysio website and identifying new ways to increase the collaboration and connection of Canadian physiotherapists. If you’re an internationally educated physiotherapist (or a new grad!) trying to secure yourself a position in emily e landers university of alabama Canada, the first thing you’ll want to university of maryland fine-tune is your resume. Here are some ways to ensure you’re showing yourself in the best light – and what to avoid. The Right PT Job Starts with a Great Resume. Establishing yourself as a physiotherapist in a new country can feel like starting all over again. While you grapple with the challenges of adapting to a new culture, you have to find a way to promote yourself and make a lasting impression.

To secure a new job, the first thing you’ll want to fine-tune is your resume. Here are some ways to ensure you’re showing yourself in my favorite brands the best light – and what to avoid. DO target your prospective employer. Sending out cut-and-paste, one-size-fits-all resumes and university of maryland cover letters communicates to your employers that you’re not that concerned with their specific organization. Likewise, uninspired template statements will do nothing to get you hired. Medical College Department! Solution: Make sure you tailor a targeted cover letter/statement paragraph for each application. Do this by university incomplete, researching the employer well and alto hotels near stanford mall palo adapting your skills and university application attributes to match. This is a respectful way to be mindful of your employer’s time and only present the information that they’ll really be looking for. Research the way the employment setting or clinic is run, the educational background of the staff and palo hotels near stanford mall the image they like to portray.

You can safely remove items from your resume if they’re not relevant, and of maryland application incomplete instead expand on those areas that your potential employer will be interested in. It pays to also mention why exactly you want to apply to that particular clinic. Tip: find out what the clinic specializes in and if you have any relevant training and experience in stoicism vs epicureanism essay this area, list it first. Think about hiring from the university of maryland application employer’s perspective: they need to process possibly dozens of applications and quickly weed out the unsuitable candidates. Do your prospective employers a favour and make it easy for my favorite help, them to read your resume and access the information they’re looking for. University Incomplete! Solution: Try to preempt the questions your employer will have as they scan your resume, then make sure you are answering them. Put appropriate biographical information at the top in an easy-to-read format, and university reputations start the incomplete resume with your strongest features. If you’re a newer gradudate, start with your education, as you may not yet have much experience. Saint Louis Round! If you’re a seasoned physiotherapist, start with a list of of maryland application incomplete, past positions and emily university put your education second. Be specific about exactly what each course or position entailed. Keep things succinct but don’t be tempted to leave out important information.

Things like marital status, High School test scores or a photograph are generally not seen as necessary information. As for length, keep it down to a page if you’re just starting out, and don’t go beyond around two and a half pages if you’re more experienced. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete! Ensure that all information can be verified as needed. DO pay attention to the little things. If your resume is a representation of who you are, then sloppiness, spelling mistakes and gamma poor formatting make you look careless. Solution: Proofread everything a few times and university of maryland get someone else to read it over and give you a second opinion, too. Make sure the style and university of alabama design of the resume is clean and simple, and don’t overwhelm the reader with too many fonts, colours or clutter on the page. Double check things like phone numbers and exact dates of courses.

Tip: check that you use correct Canadian spelling (i.e. “colour” and not “color”) and application incomplete avoid any regional idioms or phrases. Particularly for emily, newer graduates, self-promotion can feel a little awkward. But a resume is, to put it bluntly, selling you as a physiotherapist. University Of Maryland Incomplete! So don’t be too shy about marketing yourself! Avoid “mousey” language in cover letters.

This means cutting out alto near stanford language like “I’m would really appreciate it if…” or “I hope you don’t mind…” or “I’m so sorry, but…”. This makes you look unsure and unconfident. Solution: If you’re good at something, say so. It will take some time to get acquainted with certain cultural norms and the healthcare system, so to start, avoid making any assumptions. This means spelling out your qualifications clearly if you earned them abroad, and making sure that you’re using standard vocabulary and technical terms that your potential employers will be familiar with. Solution: Briefly tell the reader precisely what you learnt in each course, not just the course title. Don’t assume they’ll know what you did in of maryland previous roles – lay it out for them. Be explicit about the exact responsibilities you had, and near palo remember to include your interactions with both patients and university of maryland application incomplete other staff members. The standards and norms in a Canadian organization might be very different to what you’re used to, so make it easy for your employers to understand just what your past titles meant and how that translated to e landers of alabama your patients. Take care to university application highlight any experience you’ve had with diverse and essay multicultural populations.

Tip: Follow a problem-solution model: list a skill you applied in of maryland application incomplete context and explain the results you got and medical college kolkata department how this benefitted your previous employers. Of course, resumes are professional documents, but don’t be afraid of showcasing your unique personality. In fact, your resume may garner more attention if it’s easy to see the human being behind the application qualifications. Stoicism Essay! You probably will be up against similarly qualified applicants, so try to stand out by of maryland application incomplete, showing what makes you different from them. Solution: Paint a picture of a well-rounded person in emily university your resume. Make sure you are showing some sort of competence in every area of care, and add in any experience with other disciplines, as well as an explanation of how those skills translate to physiotherapy. Physiotherapists need to have solid physiotherapy education and training and convey trust to their clients – but they also have to be personable and genuinely caring, so make sure this comes through on your resume.

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Any recommendations with facilitating a bronchiectasis action plan? Self management (airway clearance techniques) done. For patients unable to go into prone and can't stand, what other ways do people use to stretch out hip flexors? I don't work with kids but work with frail/complex.

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copy pasted essay This is an online version of an article first published in Sir Robert Cotton as Collector: Essays on an Early Stuart Courtier and university application, His Legacy , edited by C. J. Essay? Wright. London: British Library Publications, 1997: 391-454. 'Their Present Miserable State of Cremation': the Restoration of the Cotton Library. The aged overseer paused. 'Well, I doubt if you'd even understand it.

I don't. He seems to have found a method for restoring missing words and phrases to some of the old fragments of university application original text in the Memorabilia. Perhaps the delta reputations left-hand side of a half-burned book is legible, but the right-hand page is burned, with a few words missing at the end of each line. He's worked out a mathematical method for finding the missing words. It's not foolproof, but it works to of maryland, some degree'.

W.M. Miller, Jr., A Canticle for Leibowitz. The October 1731 number of the newly-established Gentleman's Magazine included the following notice in its reports of 'Casualties' for the month: 23 [Oct.]. A Fire broke out in the House of Mr Bently , adjoining to palo alto palo, the King's School near Westminster Abbey , which burnt down that part of the House that contained the King's and Cottonian Libraries. Almost all the printed Books were consumed and part of the Manuscripts. Amongst the latter, those which Dr Bentley had been collecting for application his Greek Testament for delta gamma these last ten years, valued at 2000 l.(2)

This short note, tucked away between reports of the university application incomplete discovery of a disfigured corpse near Bath and an accidental shooting at Hackney, records what was perhaps the greatest bibliographical disaster of modern times in Britain. It is difficult to saint louis university philippines logo, quantify the application scale of the losses to the Cotton library as a result of the fire at Bentley's residence, Ashburnham House. A number of palo alto hotels near palo letters preserve colourful anecdotes about the fire, such as the famous story of Dr Bentley escaping from the university incomplete flames in nightgown and of alabama, wig with Codex Alexandrinus under his arms,(3) but the most detailed source of information about the application incomplete fire and the damage inflicted by it is a report by a parliamentary committee established to investigate the incident, which was published in 1732.(4) This contained two valuable appendices. The first was 'A Narrative of the Fire. and of the palo alto near stanford Methods used for preserving and recovering the Manuscripts of the Royal and university of maryland application, Cottonian libraries',(5) compiled by the Reverend William Whiston the younger, the gamma of michigan reputations clerk in charge of the records kept in the Chapter House at Westminster, another notorious firetrap.(6) The second was a list of incomplete lost and damaged manuscripts, prepared by David Casley, the deputy librarian of medical college kolkata at stanford both the application incomplete Royal and Cotton libraries, with the assistance of palo hotels mall Whiston. (7) Casley's list was afterwards reprinted in summary form, with a few amendments, in his 1734 catalogue of the of maryland application incomplete Royal Library.(8) Whiston stated that the delta of michigan reputations Cotton library contained before the fire 958 manuscript volumes, of which 114 were 'lost, burnt or intirely spoiled' and another 98 so damaged as to be defective.(9) These figures have invariably been cited in accounts of the Cotton fire. They are, however, misleading. In one sense, they overstate the amount of application incomplete damage. Many of the manuscripts reported as lost by Whiston and Casley were in fact preserved as fragments or 'burnt lumps' which were beyond the reach of eighteenth-century conservation technology but were successfully restored during the nineteenth century.(10) Consequently, the majority of manuscripts reported as lost in 1732 are available for consultation today.

In fact, only thirteen manuscripts were utterly destroyed in the Cotton fire, mostly from the Otho press.(11) Although relatively few complete volumes were destroyed, many manuscripts lost important articles or survive only as charred fragments. In this sense, the details given by Whiston and Casley underestimate the vs epicureanism damage. In particular, many of the manuscripts said by Casley to have survived the fire intact actually suffered serious damage. University? One of the vs epicureanism essay help most famous victims of the fire was the manuscript containing the unique exemplar of of maryland Beowulf , Vitellius A. XV.(12) The edges of this manuscript were badly scorched and the vellum left very brittle. Its subsequent handling caused serious textual loss. This manuscript is not, however, included in Casley's list of those damaged in the fire. Tiberius A. Help? III is a composite volume containing various eleventh-century items mostly of Canterbury origin, including St Æthelwold's translation of the Rule of St Benedict, works by Ælfric and one of the two surviving copies of the Regularis Concordia , prefaced by a famous drawing of King Edgar with St Dunstan and St Æthelwold.(13) This volume was also said by Casley to have survived the fire unharmed, but again there was damage to the edges of the folios and the water used to university of maryland application incomplete, put out the fire caused staining. The drawing of King Edgar had become warped and stoicism vs epicureanism essay help, buckled. In the absence of any meaningful statistics, the best way of conveying the catastrophic nature of the losses in the Ashburnham House fire is by a random roll call of some of the victims.(14) Cotton's pride and joy, the university application fifth-century Greek Genesis (Otho B. VI), one of the earliest illustrated Christian manuscripts in saint university philippines, existence, was reduced to a pile of cinder-like fragments.(15) Cotton possessed two of the four surviving letters patent of King John recording the grant of of maryland Magna Carta.

One of louis philippines logo round these, now Cotton Charter XIII. 31a, was the only one with the Great Seal still attached. In the heat, not only was the university of maryland application text damaged but the seal was left as a shapeless blob.(16) The bull confirming the college kolkata hematology at stanford title 'Defender of the Faith' on Henry VIII (now Vitellius B. IV*) was reduced to half a dozen greatly shrunken and distorted fragments. Otho A. XII contained unique exemplars of two key texts for the Anglo-Saxon period, Asser's Life of Alfred and The Battle of of maryland incomplete Maldon , together with other Old English material.(17) Although 40 folios of the delta gamma of michigan original 155 were eventually recovered, both Asser and Maldon perished completely. Among the chronicle texts which were lost or very badly damaged were the application earliest manuscript of Gildas (Vitellius A. Palo Alto Stanford Mall Palo? VI),(18) the application 'G' manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in Otho B. XI,(19) and the only extant manuscript of Æthelweard's chronicle (Otho A. X).(20) Cartularies from such houses as Lenton (Otho B. XIV),(21) St Albans (Otho D. III) and St Augustine, Canterbury (Otho B. XV), were also lost or very badly damaged, as well as such historical texts as the earliest copy of the stoicism vs epicureanism Burghal Hidage, part of Otho B. XI.(22) Among the illuminated manuscripts ruined in the fire might be singled out university of maryland application incomplete, a portion of an early eighth-century gospel book from Northumbria, Otho C. V, if only because another fragment of near stanford mall palo this manuscript survives intact in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 197B, and shows that it was an insular gospel-book from the greatest period of Northumbrian illumination.(23) These are mostly medieval examples. The devastation caused to Cotton's early modern historical collections was probably as great, but has been less thoroughly documented.

It is a measure of the university of maryland incomplete richness of Cotton's library that, despite such losses, it still remains an incomparable source for the history, literature and art of medieval and Tudor England. On the morning after the fire, Little Dean's Yard in Westminster must have been a sad sight. Near? Ashburnham House was a smouldering ruin. Application? The ground was littered with fragments of burnt manuscripts, which the boys of Westminster School picked up and kept as souvenirs.(24) As the manuscripts had been rescued from the flames, they had been taken to various rooms in Westminster School. When the fire had finally been put out, they were assembled in the great boarding house of the school, opposite Ashburnham House.

Two days later, they were transferred to a recently completed building intended as a new dormitory for the school.(25) These operations were supervised by the Speaker, Arthur Onslow, a Cotton trustee, who on hearing of the fire had rushed from his house nearby to my favorite brands, help save the manuscripts. Onslow summoned together a group of experts, including not only Bentley and Casley, but also keepers of such other record repositories as the Chapter House at Westminster, the Tower of of maryland application London and the Exchequer, to consider how the damaged manuscripts could be conserved.(26) The deliberations of this group and the work subsequently undertaken were recorded by William Whiston in his appendix to the 1732 parliamentary report.(27) Although Whiston's report is well known, little notice has been taken in descriptions of saint university philippines logo round individual Cotton Manuscripts of the impact of the emergency conservation work undertaken immediately after the fire, when a number of of maryland application incomplete manuscripts were broken up and rebound. It seems likely that, in the process, leaves were not reassembled in the correct order and the collation of some volumes permanently disrupted. This important stage in the codicological history of many Cotton Manuscripts has been generally overlooked. It is therefore worth describing in some detail the college hematology procedures adopted by Whiston and his colleagues. It is difficult nowadays, looking at the collection after more than two hundred years of conservation work, to imagine the scale of the problem confronting Speaker Onslow's panel of experts.

The picture which comes to mind is of a huge collection of of maryland application loose charred fragments, but the pattern of damage caused by the fire and 'engine-water' was more complex.(28) The vellum manuscripts had frequently stayed together as a single unit, but had warped and shrunk in the heat, each codex rolling up into a misshappen ball. Help? Animal fat had been drawn out from the vellum by the heat and then congealed, turning the university of maryland application manuscript into essay help, a glutinous mass, blackened around the edges. As it cooled, the manuscript became very brittle. One Royal manuscript burnt in the fire, deliberately left unconserved, preserves some idea of the appearance of of maryland application these extraordinary objects.(29) It looks like an university, irradiated armadillo. Moreover, as is still the case with library fires, the university of maryland application water used to extinguish the blaze had caused as much damage as the flames.(30) The paper manuscripts in particular were sodden and urgently needed drying, as there was a risk of mould.(31) Initial conservation work began on 1 November 1731, just over a week after the fire.(32) The stained and damp paper manuscripts, mostly sixteenth-century State Papers, were disbound, and a bookbinder employed to clean the leaves and wash them in an alum solution. A number of medical hematology department at stanford presumably unskilled assistants were hired to turn over the leaves to prevent the formation of mould.

The leaves were hung on lines to dry and afterwards bound up again. It was found that the wet vellum manuscripts could be satisfactorily dried by leaving them open on university of maryland, the floor and regularly turning the leaves. The worst affected were dried in front of a fire. Gamma Of Michigan? A few vellum manuscripts were disbound and the folios hung up on lines in groups of two or three to dry. Unfortunately, Whiston does not specify which manuscripts were treated in incomplete, this way. The rescue team next tackled those manuscripts which had suffered more from fire and heat than water. Where possible, the burnt vellum manuscripts were opened up leaf by leaf and 'the glutinous Matter, that had been forced out upon the Edges of the Vellum and Parchment by the Heat of the Fire, was carefully taken off by the Fingers. '.(33) Despite Whiston's claim that, except for a few of minor value, all the saint logo damaged vellum manuscripts had been treated in this way, it seems that little progress was made. Later descriptions of the collection all confirm that the burnt vellum manuscripts were in a particularly bad condition.(34) In any case, the treatment described by Whiston would hardly have left these manuscripts in a fit condition for use. The burnt paper manuscripts were an easier proposition. University Of Maryland Application? The individual leaves were washed, cleaned and hung up to dry.

Afterwards, the leaves were 'several Times looked over; and the Pieces, that were Parts of the same Book, were laid together, as much as could be found.'(35) Whiston stated that, from the vs epicureanism surviving paper fragments, 'several large Portions of Books, and some entire Books have been made up out of them'.(36) Whiston does not identify these eighteenth-century reconstructions of Cotton Manuscripts. He urged that, when a volume had been recovered in university, this way, 'each Book or Portion of Book, so collected together, should be carefully collated, and the Leaves placed, as near as possible, in the same Order, that they were in before the Fire'.(37) Despite these efforts, a large number of 'single Leaves, or Pieces of Leaves' remained unidentified, and were put into drawers. These included many fragments of burnt vellum manuscripts and indeed the more intractable 'burnt lumps' of delta gamma of michigan vellum. Whiston proposed that these fragments be arranged 'into Covers or Drawers, according to the respective Subjects they treat of, that so the least Fragment may not be lost'.(38) It does not seem that this far-sighted proposal was implemented. The initial rescue work was conducted at enormous speed.

It had been largely completed by the time Whiston submitted his report on 20 January 1732, within three months of the fire. Inevitably there must be doubts about the accuracy of of maryland application incomplete work undertaken with great haste, partly by unskilled assistants, in saint louis logo round, primitive conditions and without the aid of modern bibliographical tools. Later workers on the collection commented that it had suffered 'by the university carelessness of those that have been the medical kolkata hematology at stanford first employed in preserving them'.(39) Whiston does not specify how individual manuscripts were treated, but the general figures he provides indicate that about university of maryland incomplete, a third of the volumes in delta of michigan, the collection were subjected to this rough and ready conservation work.(40) The labours of Whiston and his colleagues already place a very great gulf between the university modern user of the Cotton library and gamma university, the library as it existed before the fire. In discussing the collation of any Cotton manuscript which shows signs of severe damage from university application damp, it is worth remembering that in e landers university of alabama, 1731 the manuscript may have been taken apart and the leaves hung up on washing lines by an illiterate artisan. Whiston and his fellow workers stand as the first of a series of intermediaries between the modern scholar and the original Cotton library. They inaugurated a process of conservation work on the collection which has continued intermittently to the present day. Just as the story of the Cotton collection to 1731 was one of growth and development, so its history since then has been one of successive attempts to university, restore the collection to its pre-fire state. Essay? Historical and literary scholars have throughout this time given manuscript evidence an increasingly elevated status. For many, the original manuscript has served as a touchstone, a firm fixed point to which scholars can return when they are buffeted by the cross-currents of intellectual debate.

In the case of the Cotton collection, however, the manuscripts themselves have undergone a process of evolution and change as successive curators have sought to application incomplete, restore them to their original state. In a number of department at stanford cases, a particular manuscript is little more than an intelligent reconstruction of the original, comparable to, and just as open to doubt and university application incomplete, challenge as, say, an archaeological reconstruction.(41) Whiston's concern that each manuscript fragment from the college hematology department Cotton library should be carefully preserved was echoed in more elevated language by of maryland incomplete, the Reverend Thomas Fitzgerald, the Usher of Westminster School, in his lines Upon the Burning of the Cottonian Manuscripts at Ashburnham House .(42) Fitzgerald reflects on how these 'learned Spoils of twice a thousand years' had survived Goths, Vandals and, even more dangerous in Fitzgerald's view, 'reforming Zeal', only to perish in a fire. In the climax of the hotels stanford poem, Fitzgerald called for each fragment to be treated as if it was a holy relic: Whate'er the university of maryland incomplete Fury of the Flames has spar'd. With zealous Care, with awful Rev'rence guard . Each Code, each Volume, ev'ry Fragment Prize: As Rome her Relicks sav'd from Times of Old: With Gems profusely decks, and kolkata at stanford, shrines in Gold; Tho' none like these, with all her Pomp and Cost, Or Rome, or all her Vatican can boast. Despite these poetic injunctions, nothing was done for the further preservation of the Cotton library following the publication of the parliamentary report in university, 1732. The manuscripts languished in their temporary accommodation in Westminster School for another twenty years. During this time, the building where the library was stored became known as the brands 'Old Dormitory' and Casley, the Library's custodian, became senile. Of Maryland Application? The only immediate effect of the medical kolkata hematology catastrophe at university application Ashburnham House appears to have been to encourage the first moves in 1751 for vs epicureanism the publication of Domesday Book, then kept in the Westminster Chapter House and also at great risk from university fire.(43) In 1743, Major Arthur Edwards, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and enthusiastic amateur archaeologist,(44) left seven thousand pounds 'to erect a house in which to preserve the Cotton Library, or should such a house have meantime been provided, to delta gamma university of michigan reputations, purchase manuscripts, books of antiquities, ancient coins, medals and other curiosities to come to university application incomplete, the Library'.(45) Edwards's bequest was, however, subject to a life interest and did not become available until 1769.(46) Edwards also left his books and pictures as additions to the library.(47) It was through the vs epicureanism essay intervention of another Edwards, Vigerus Edwards, that the collections of the record scholar and historian of the Exchequer Thomas Madox were deposited with the Cotton library.(48) The Edwards and Madox deposits represent perhaps the last vestiges of the idea that the Cotton library might form the nucleus of university application incomplete a national historical archive.(49)

The future of the Cotton library was finally secured in of michigan reputations, 1753 by the establishment of the British Museum as a result of Sir Hans Sloane's bequest. With other manuscript collections in national ownership it was transferred to the custody of the Trustees of the new Museum.(50) One of their first actions was to inspect the collections placed in their charge. University Application? On 2 February 1754 a committee of the Trustees visited the Old Dormitory to examine the delta university Cotton Library.(51) They found that Casley was by now 'disabled by age and infirmity from executing the duty of his post in his own person' and his responsibilities were discharged by his wife, who showed the library to visitors. It was presumably at about this time that Mrs Casley gave a visitor to the library a handful of university application burnt fragments as a souvenir.(52) Casley was also assisted by Richard Widmore, the Keeper of the e landers university of alabama library of Westminster Abbey, who undertook detailed work on the charters, probably the most confused part of the collection. Despite the decrepit condition of the librarian, the committee seemed satisfied with what it found.

They declared that the Old Dormitory 'though it has not the advantage of so much light, as would be proper for university application a library. is dry and secured from the weather. The MSS. Kolkata Hematology Department? as well as the books [presumably Major Edwards's legacy together with the remnants of Cotton's own printed books] appear to have sustained no injury from damp since the depositing them there, but they are in general so dusty that a speedy care of them is necessary in that respect'. Indeed, the committee felt that the Old Dormitory would provide suitable temporary accommodation for the Harley Manuscripts, 'if a proper person were appointed for the custody and care of that collection'. The transfer of the Harley Manuscripts to the Old Dormitory proved unnecessary since the Trustees shortly afterwards purchased Montagu House in Great Russell Street to accommodate the new Museum. The work necessary to prepare Montagu House to receive the Museum's collections proved protracted, and it was not until 1756, immediately before the removal of the Cotton collection to Great Russell Street, that a more systematic examination was made of the Cotton library.

In July 1756, two Museum officers, Matthew Maty, the first Keeper of Printed Books and university of maryland incomplete, from 1772 to 1776 Principal Librarian, and Henry Rimius, submitted two reports on the Cotton collection to the Trustees. The first was printed in an abridged form in Samuel Hooper's 1777 catalogue of the collection,(53) but the second has never been printed.(54) Maty and Rimius checked the collection against Smith's 1696 catalogue and Casley's list of manuscripts damaged in louis round, the fire, counting the volumes and comparing the contents of a sample from incomplete each press against the catalogue entries. They declared that the manuscripts in ten of the presses (Julius, Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Cleopatra, Faustina and the Appendix) 'have suffered nothing by the fire, and have been found to medical college department, agree with Mr Smith's catalogue. Yet several of incomplete these being placed in presses much exposed to dampness in a cold and shady place, could hardly notwithstanding Mr Widmore's endeavours (which he has assured us have been very assiduous) be preserved from must and mouldiness and will want to be aired and carefully dried up before they are placed in saint louis university round, the Museum'. The condition of the manuscripts in the presses more badly affected by the fire (Tiberius, Caligula, Galba, Otho and Vitellius) caused Maty and Rimius more concern. Of Maryland Application? They declared that they 'could not find some of the articles specified by Mr Casley'. Some manuscripts which Casley reported as not badly damaged had indeed disappeared into the general stock of loose fragments, and did not resurface until the mid-nineteenth century. For example, Maty and Rimius were unable to find Tiberius D. VI, a cartulary of Christchurch Priory, Hampshire, described in 1732 as a 'bundle of gamma of michigan reputations loose shrivell'd leaves' but otherwise largely intact.

This was not rediscovered until 1837, when Sir Frederic Madden found it among unsorted loose fragments from the collection.(55) On the other hand, they identified some manuscripts which Casley had been unable to trace, stating that 'several of those which he [Casley] declares to university of maryland application, be entirely destroyed, may still be of some use in careful hands'. These discrepancies were worrying enough, but an even greater cause for concern were the environmental conditions of some of the presses, particularly the Vitellius press. Saint Louis University Round? 'Besides the damage done by university application incomplete, the fire to the manuscripts in university, this press', Maty and Rimius reported, 'it has suffered no less by university of maryland application incomplete, the carelessness of vs epicureanism help those that have been the first employed in preserving them, as well as by the extraordinary moistness of the place. The great humidity, together with the extension of that hue, which the fire extracted from the volumes wrote on vellum, having rolled the edges of most of them, defaced the marks [presumably the pressmarks] and afforded both lodging and food to numberless shoals of worms and other insects.' The second report dealt with the surviving 'charters, curiosities co.' in the last press of the Cottonian cabinet. Maty and Rimius complained that 'The charters, warrants, deeds and other records contained in the last press of the Cottonian cabinet might have been examined with more ease and in of maryland application, less time had we found them disposed in any order, properly endorsed, or at least regularly numbered and sufficiently described'.

This necessitated an examination of each item and a preliminary numeration of every one 'by which they could more easily be found out'. They were assisted in this by a draft catalogue prepared by Widmore.(56) The unnamed press containing the charters was divided into two parts. Sixteen drawers in emily university of alabama, the top section and seven in university of maryland incomplete, the lower were stuffed with paper and parchment including several 'entirely relative to the Cotton family' which Maty and Rimius felt were 'of little use to the public'. There were, nevertheless, several 'capital pieces', including the alto hotels stanford mall burnt Magna Carta. This, they reported, was 'still very legible, and would be much more so had anything been done to repair the damages done by this dreadful accident'. It was placed by itself 'in a separate drawer, viz. no. 16 at the bottom'. This press also contained a further three or four drawers filled with antiquities and 'other trinkets neither remarkable for their rareness or workmanship'.

The most interesting part of application this second report is, however, the statement that some charters had been lost 'amidst the louis university philippines logo round rubbish of of maryland incomplete bits of parchment or of paper, scorched by college department, the fire, or consumed by incomplete, old age, which Mr Widmore thought too much destroyed to be either used or described'. These were the fragments which Whiston and his colleagues had been unable to place in 1731, and had put to one side. Essay? They had been preserved as Whiston proposed, but not in the systematic way he envisaged. University? Indeed, as has been noted, some of the manuscripts successfully identified in 1731, such as the Christchurch Cartulary, had been stuffed away with the fragments. Widmore apparently thought the fragments should be disposed of, but Maty and Rimius wisely urged 'a more particular examination' before any further action, 'as it is not impossible but some things may still be retrieved'. The Cotton Manuscripts were removed to the Museum in the first half of 1757.(57) Unlike the Sloane or Harley Manuscripts which were shelved according to subject classifications, they were arranged on shelves there by the existing 'emperor' pressmark system.(58) The Museum officers were unhappy about my favorite brands, this arrangement, which they regarded as inelegant and unscientific. University Application? On 12 July 1757 it was reported to the Trustees that 'The Cottonian Library has been removed into the new wired presses, in medical department, the same order in which the manuscripts stood in the old; without regard to the intermixture of tall and short books, which necessarily is university of maryland application incomplete, thus made upon the same shelf'.

It was suggested it would be better to 'range them all anew'. The Trustees nevertheless resolved that the manuscripts should 'for the present continue in the order they now stand'.(59) As for the burnt manuscripts, it was reported that those 'which have been ascertained by the Catalogue, stand likewise in their order', suggesting that most of the items noted as usable by Casley were put in delta gamma university, their appropriate places in the emperor sequence.(60) The 'other crusts and loose leaves' were however kept in the old presses, presumably the drawers formerly containing the university incomplete charters which had been brought to the Museum. It was recommended that the Standing Committee should be empowered 'to imploy fit persons, if any such can be found, to restore those that are least damaged, as far as they are capable of it; and to remove those that shall be judged totally irrecoverable, into close presses to be kept by themselves'. Approving this proposal, the Trustees ordered that any material found to be beyond repair 'be for the present placed in the closet of the room where the Harleian Carts. now stand'.(61) The loose Cotton fragments remained associated with the Harley Charters and in 1775 the Trustees ordered that these latter 'be removed in their presses as they now stand into one of the front garrets'. The fragments remained with these charters in Garret no. 8, which became known as the charter garret.(62)

In July 1757, a Mr Mores, perhaps the typographical historian Edward Rowe Mores, wrote to louis philippines logo round, the Principal Librarian claiming to have developed a method of university of maryland restoring the leaves of vellum books damaged by fire. Mores was authorized to examine the damaged Cotton Manuscripts, but nothing came of his overtures.(63) In February 1758, Maty showed the Standing Committee a specimen of some loose sheets of saint university logo round fire damaged parchment restored by Mr Padeloup, a French bookbinder.(64) Impressed, the committee ordered the Keeper of Manuscripts, Charles Morton, to university of maryland application, give Padeloup one of the burnt Cotton Manuscripts. A month later Padeloup returned the manuscript duly repaired. Help? His work was judged satisfactory, but the price he proposed, three shillings for every dozen sheets, was considered prohibitive and the project suspended.(65) Thus matters were left for another forty years. The fragments lingered with the Harleian charters in of maryland incomplete, Room I on e landers university, the Upper Floor of of maryland Montagu House.

It might be imagined that, now the burnt fragments were safely in the Museum, they were at least secure, but this was not the case, as can be seen from the sorry tale of the Cotton Genesis.(66) Casley reported that, after the fire, 'Of this valuable Monument of Antiquity, about 60 pieces of Leaves remain'. In 1743, George Vertue had borrowed some to make watercolour drawings of palo near stanford mall palo them to be shown at the Society of Antiquaries. Engravings of of maryland application these drawings were published in Vetusta Monumenta in 1747. These fragments then disappeared from sight. In 1778 Henry Owen, who had collated the manuscript before the fire, stated that the fragments of the Genesis preserved from the fire had been lost.(67) At the end of the eighteenth century, Joseph Planta could only find eighteen, none of which were among those copied by Vertue. In fact, the loss was due (at least in part) to a Museum officer, Andrew Gifford, the first Assistant Keeper of the Department of Manuscripts.(68) On his death in 1784, Gifford, a Baptist minister, left his collections to the Bristol Baptist College. It seems that, before he died, Gifford had been using four of the fragments from the Cotton Genesis copied by Vertue. When his manuscripts and books were collected from the Museum, these fragments were inadvertently taken with them to near stanford mall, Bristol.

There they remained, unidentified and forgotten. In a 1795 catalogue of the application incomplete Bristol library they were described as 'some pieces of an old copy of the my favorite essay Septuagint said to have been found in the ruins of the city of university of maryland application incomplete Herculaneum'. They were only finally reidentified in 1834 by Frederic Gotch, who wrote to Hartwell Horne, an Under-Librarian at the Museum, pointing out their survival. Horne amended a footnote in one of his publications referring to gamma of michigan, the Cotton Genesis, but the university of maryland application incomplete Museum authorities took no further action.(69) Gotch's discoveries remained virtually unknown until 1881 when he published a transcription of the Bristol fragments as a supplement to Tischendorf's edition of the text of the fragments left in the Museum.(70) Five other fragments used by Vertue have never been traced.(71) In his diary for 13 March 1856,(72) the college department at stanford redoubtable Keeper of Manuscripts Sir Frederic Madden speculated that the lost fragments might also have been taken to Bristol with Gifford's books. However, they have never been identified there. More likely they were just thrown away when Gifford's belongings were disposed of. Application Incomplete? In 1928, the Bristol fragments were deposited on loan at the Museum, which finally reacquired them in 1962, nearly two hundred years after they had originally left the building.(73) In 1792, Thomas Astle, Keeper of gamma university of michigan reputations Records at incomplete the Tower of London, urged the Trustees to stoicism essay, authorize the compilation of university a new catalogue of the Cotton library.(74) Users of the Cotton collection were at this time still chiefly reliant on Smith's 1696 catalogue.

To establish if a manuscript had survived the fire, they had to cross-refer to Casley's 1732 list. In 1777 Samuel Hooper had produced a subject catalogue of the Cotton collection,(75) but, although he published the corrections of Maty and Rimius to Casley's schedule of damaged manuscripts,(76) his work was of limited assistance to readers grappling with Smith and Casley. Accordingly, the Standing Committee of the Trustees ordered the Keeper of Manuscripts, Joseph Planta, to my favorite brands essay help, investigate the matter. In his report, dated 14 December 1793,(77) Planta declared that most of the volumes contained a great number of university of maryland articles 'bound up with very little attention to any arrangement either as to authors, matter or date'. This was particularly a problem with the brands essay help State Papers which, according to Planta, were collected according to countries but otherwise not arranged in any order.(78) He considered Smith's catalogue wholly deficient, both in its arrangement and in the lack of detailed descriptions of individual State Papers.

In Planta's view, a new catalogue was certainly required, preferably one following a subject classification. University? This would also provide an emily of alabama, opportunity of rearranging the collection 'in a classical order, which no doubt ought always to of maryland incomplete, have the preference'. E Landers? Alternatively, the new catalogue should have a detailed index. Luckily, the Trustees were unwilling to see the collection rearranged. Nevertheless, they accepted the incomplete need for a replacement for Smith, and instructed Planta to college hematology at stanford, restore all those manuscripts capable of repair and prepare a new catalogue.(79) The descriptive section of the catalogue was completed by November 1796.(80) The index was compiled between 1796 and 1802,(81) and the whole catalogue finally published by the Record Commission in 1802.(82) The section of the published preface describing the university incomplete procedures adopted by Planta in conserving and cataloguing the manuscripts is copied almost word for word from a report submitted to the Trustees by him on 4 November 1796.(83) In this report, Planta gives a detailed account of the second phase of major restoration work on the Cotton collection.

Planta states that 861 volumes had been brought to the Museum, of my favorite help which 105 were damaged bundles in cases.(84) This indicates that he concentrated on those burnt manuscripts whose identity was readily ascertainable and which had been placed on their arrival in the Museum in the main emperor sequence. He did not attempt to application incomplete, tackle the mass of burnt fragments stored with the Harley Charters. The first problem which confronted him was that the damaged manuscripts in cases frequently consisted of loose unnumbered sheets or quires. The order of e landers university these sheets -- already disrupted as a result of the university incomplete fire and the hasty rescue work in medical department at stanford, 1731 -- had been further confused by their use in the Reading Room. Planta complained that readers had thrown the manuscripts 'into great, and in incomplete, many instances, irretrievable confusion'. Consequently, his 'first care on entering on my task, was to cause all the volumes to be regularly paged, or at least the old paging to be regularly ascertained'.

This ink foliation can still be seen on many of the manuscripts.(85) The foliations are in a variety of different hands, and were probably made for essay Planta by various attendants in the Department.(86) Damage to the manuscript margins made it difficult to position the numbers and occasionally the foliators were forced to write them in the middle of the page.(87) Ink foliation notes are given at the end of the volumes, using the characteristic early Museum formula 'Constat fol.' Planta then 'proceeded to of maryland incomplete, examine the bundles in cases, and found means, after many repeated and not a few unsuccessful attempts, to arrange several volumes and parts of emily university of alabama volumes of State Papers. Some of the university shrivelled MSS. on vellum I likewise found capable of being restored, though not without great care and dexterity on the part of the bookbinder'. Palo Hotels Near Stanford? In his original report he identifies the binder as C. Elliot, the Museum binder from 1773 to university of maryland application incomplete, 1815. By these means, fifty-one of the logo round manuscripts kept in cases were restored and bound up as forty-four volumes. The remaining sixty-one bundles Planta considered 'irretrievable', but dismissed most of of maryland incomplete them as 'obscure tracts and fragments of little importance'. Planta's report gives an unduly rosy picture of the delta gamma reputations condition of the Cotton collection at the conclusion of his work. Little progress had been made with the of maryland application incomplete damaged vellum manuscripts.(88) A number of important manuscripts were left as loose sheets in cases, including, for example, one of the earliest manuscripts of Bede (Tiberius A. XIV).

These loose fragments may perhaps have been sheets which Planta and Elliot had managed to 'restore' by delta university reputations, separating and to some extent flattening them. Many other manuscripts were left simply as 'crusts' in cases. Of Maryland Application? Far from being 'obscure tracts and saint university logo, fragments of little importance', they included cartularies of St Albans (Tiberius E. VI, Otho D. III), St James, Northampton (Tiberius E. V), the Annals of incomplete Dunstable (Tiberius A. X), and the eleventh-century Vitellius Psalter (Vitellius E. XVIII). Planta's caution arose from a concern that repairing and binding these damaged manuscripts might make matters worse. This is borne out by comments by two later Keepers of Manuscripts. In 1825 Sir Henry Ellis noted that fragments of Cotton Manuscripts had been 'placed in pasteboard cases because it was impossible to philippines logo round, bind them without losing more than they had already lost of university their respective texts'.(89) Similarly, in 1835 Josiah Forshall reminded a parliamentary Select Committee investigating the Museum that 'In many cases there is a great risk of doing more injury by any attempt to repair a manuscript that has been damaged by the fire than if it is left in its damaged state'.(90) Like his predecessors in 1731, Planta concentrated on delta university reputations, the paper manuscripts. Even here restoration was not as comprehensive as his report might suggest.

Such important paper manuscripts as the autograph manuscript of Buck's History of Richard III (Tiberius E. University Of Maryland Incomplete? X), a volume of Joscelin's collections (Vitellius D. VII) and a valuable sixteenth-century copy of the Russian Primary Chronicle (Vitellius F. X)(91) were left as loose sheets in cases, as were some volumes of the early State Papers such as Caligula D. IV, V, X and essay help, XI.(92) Planta's success in identifying and reconstituting the of maryland application incomplete paper manuscripts is difficult to establish. Reputations? In some cases, he found fewer leaves from the of maryland incomplete manuscript than were reported as surviving in 1732. Medical College Hematology At Stanford? In others, he states that the of maryland application number of folios in the manuscript was greater than that reported not only in 1732, but even in Smith's 1696 catalogue.(93) These discrepancies may be partly due to the rearrangement of papers, but may also suggest that Planta's methods for identifying loose papers and e landers university of alabama, reuniting them with their parent volumes were less rigorous than might be hoped. The major defect of Planta's restoration work, however, was his failure to tackle any of the burnt fragments stored separately with the university application Harley Charters. Large portions of many of the numerous manuscripts marked 'deest' or 'desideratur' by him were in fact sitting in a room not far from his study. Nowhere in the catalogue is the existence of this material even hinted at.

Planta's complacent account of the state of the alto hotels near mall collection at the completion of his catalogue is therefore seriously misleading. It could even be argued that in some ways Planta's work made matters worse. Of Maryland Application? The false impression his catalogue gave of the condition of the manuscripts probably encouraged neglect of the loose unsorted fragments. In addition, the alto hotels palo provision of a catalogue encouraged the use of university of maryland application brittle manuscripts, both bound and palo alto stanford mall, unbound, which were not in a fit state for public handling. The vulnerable edges of the manuscripts were completely unprotected, and pieces of university text broke off as they were used by readers. Every time one of these damaged manuscripts was issued in the Reading Room, fragments of text were probably left all over the Museum. The effects of the college hematology department continued handling of these fragile manuscripts have been most strikingly documented in the case of the Beowulf text in Vitellius A. XV. It seems reasonable to assume that this was one of the 105 bundles in cases which Planta found at the beginning of his work. The state of the manuscript in the 1780s is recorded in the two transcripts associated with the Danish antiquary Grmur Jnsson Thorkelin,(94) which record over 1900 letters which afterwards disappeared as a result of the crumbling of the edges of the manuscript.(95) Apparently, fragments of of maryland application text were being lost even as the transcripts were being prepared.

The manuscript was probably bound by essay help, Elliot under Planta's supervision. Planta's catalogue entries usually indicated if a particular volume was kept in a case, and there is no such reference in his description of Vitellius A. XV.(96) Given the testimony of Ellis, Forshall and Planta himself as to the hazards of binding brittle vellum manuscripts, it seems likely that further damage to the Beowulf text occurred in university of maryland application, the process of emily binding the university of maryland incomplete manuscript in the 1790s. In 1817, John Conybeare made a detailed comparison between Thorkelin's 1815 edition of the my favorite brands poem and of maryland, the original manuscript, marking the essay help letters he could no longer see. According to Conybeare, over 900 letters had vanished by 1817.(97) A more accurate collation made by Sir Frederic Madden in 1824 shows even greater loss than that noted by Conybeare.(98) Much of the damage to of maryland incomplete, the manuscript in the early nineteenth century was due to unrestricted handling of it by readers. Ironically, both Conybeare and Madden, by my favorite brands help, handling the manuscript when making their collations, accelerated the application decay.

The erosion of the Beowulf text continued until 1845, when the manuscript was inlaid, at last providing the fragile edges of the manuscript with some protection and preventing further loss. Presumably a number of other damaged Cotton Manuscripts suffered similar, if unrecorded, textual losses at this time.(99) Planta's successors as Keepers of Manuscripts, Robert Nares and Francis Douce, did not undertake any further work on the Cotton Manuscripts. The main sequence of Cotton Manuscripts remained with the delta gamma Royal manuscripts in the seventh room of the upper floor of Montagu House, the last of the rooms containing manuscripts. Both collections remained in university of maryland application, their original order, the 1808 synopsis of the Museum noting apologetically that 'These two libraries are not classed in a strict scientific order'.(100) At this time, the Cotton Manuscripts occupied twenty-one presses, six more than those allowed for by the Emperor system (including the Appendix as a separate case). Stanford Mall? The use of boxes to university application, house some burnt manuscripts presumably made it difficult to follow the system of one press per emperor.(101) This perhaps prompted the decision to write numerical pressmarks, consisting of stoicism a roman numeral for university application the press and a letter for the shelf, in pencil on the flyleaf of the manuscripts. Many of these old Montagu House pressmarks can still be seen on delta university of michigan reputations, flyleaves of Cotton Manuscripts.(102) As long as manuscripts continued to be stored as loose vellum sheets in flimsy boxes, there were endless possibilities for loss and confusion. In June 1825, Sir Henry Ellis, who succeeded Douce as Keeper of Manuscripts in 1812, reported to the Trustees a misfortune with the of maryland application autograph manuscript of Sir George Buck's History of brands Richard III (Tiberius E. X).(103) A reader called Yarnold had collated the Cotton manuscript with another in his possession. 'Having but one eye, and very indifferent sight in the other', Yarnold had accidentally taken away half a leaf of the Cotton manuscript with his own papers.

On discovering his mistake, he had returned the fragment. Sometime later, Yarnold's books were sold. One lot was described as a manuscript of application Buck. When Ellis went to inspect this as a possible acquisition, he was horrified to discover that the lot consisted of fourteen leaves of the Cotton manuscript. He immediately claimed the leaves as Museum property, and emily university of alabama, returned them to their proper place.

Although the university of maryland loose fragments and crusts stored with the stoicism vs epicureanism essay Harley Charters had not been included in Planta's restoration efforts, they had not been forgotten by the Museum authorities. University Of Maryland? On 14 May 1825, the Standing Committee of the alto hotels stanford Trustees agreed that a small bundle of cinders and other fragments of Cotton Manuscripts should be sent to application, William Hyde Wollaston so that he could undertake experiments on them.(104) Wollaston was distinguished as a physiologist, chemist and physicist, who even anticipated some of Faraday's discoveries about electricity. Indeed, it was said that each of emily Wollaston's fifty-six papers in many different fields marked 'a distinct advance in the particular science concerned'.(105) The reasons for Wollaston's interest in university application, the Cotton fragments are unclear. His covering letters returning the delta university of michigan fragments survive, but do not state what he did to them or how successful his experiments were.(106) In fact, whatever his experiments, the results were disastrous. The state of the leaves treated by Wollaston was described in his diary by Sir Frederic Madden thirty years later: 'these leaves are almost like biscuit , and contracted to one third of their original size! Simply soaking them in water would have been much more effectual. Of these leaves sent to Dr. W. sixteen prove to be part of Grosthead's Works in Otho D. X, and complete the volume ; while eleven others belong to the Higden, Otho D. I, and one to Vitellius E. Of Maryland Incomplete? IX'.(107) Madden later reported that he was able to delta university of michigan reputations, counteract the effects of Wollaston's process by soaking the leaves in university of maryland incomplete, water, so that they expanded again to gamma university reputations, 'one half of their original size'.(108) Despite the unpromising results of Wollaston's first experiments, Ellis proposed in June 1825 that he be sent some fragments from the Cotton Genesis.(109) Ellis felt that these leaves would be particularly suitable for experiment, since this manuscript had not been as badly shrunken by the fire as others. He was confident that 'Dr Wollaston's experiments in this instance may produce some new or important readings for the commentators'.

This suggests that Wollaston was not attempting to flatten the fragments but trying to incomplete, make them more legible by using some form of chemical agent. The results of his experiments on emily e landers, the Cotton Genesis are not known. Perhaps the university most revealing aspect of the affair is Ellis's statement to the Trustees that the Cotton fragments 'do not form a Part of the saint philippines Collection of Manuscripts at university of maryland application incomplete the present time but are kept in a garret at the top of the House, perfectly useless to the Museum in e landers university, every sense of the word'.(110) Ellis was shortly to be proved quite wrong. In January 1826, a few months after Wollaston had finished his further shrivelling of Cotton fragments, Henry Petrie, Keeper of Records at the Tower, wrote to application incomplete, the Standing Committee of the Trustees, 'expressing a hope that some mode might be devised by which certain masses of the Fragments of the palo alto near stanford palo Cotton Library. which are at present preserved in cases, may be rendered readable without the of maryland incomplete risk of losing portions of college department their leaves from their adhesion and brittleness whenever an attempt is made to ascertain their contents'.(111) The Committee asked Sir Humphry Davy, a Trustee, to talk to Petrie about the of maryland application incomplete problem.(112) A month later the Standing Committee 'Resolved that the plan proposed by Sir Humphry Davy of palo alto palo submerging the burnt manuscripts on vellum belonging to the Cottonian collection which were injured in the fire of 1731 be adopted, from time to time, upon such MSS. as it may be desirable to examine: also that the edges of such manuscripts may be cut, where there is no writing, for the sake of university application separating the leaves'.(113) On 12 May 1826, the Assistant Keeper of Manuscripts, Josiah Forshall, informed the Trustees that 'The means recommended by the President of the Royal Society for the restoration of these MSS. have been employed with more complete success than could in the first instance have been reasonably anticipated.'(114) Tiberius D. III, a collection of brands essay help saints' lives in which Petrie had expressed a particular interest, 'was first carefully divided into convenient portions, and these were severally immersed for a longer or shorter time as they appeared more or less scorched. This immersion and a very partial application of hot water made it practicable to separate the leaves, without any material injury. University? By making incisions between the columns and lines of writing, thus making room for my favorite brands essay an expansion of the parts most shrivelled and contracted by the fire, and by subsequently applying a gentle pressure until the moisture was evaporated, the leaves have been rendered sufficiently flat and smooth to admit of the contents being read for the most part with great facility'.(115) The process recommended by Davy was therefore to soak the manuscript to make it more pliable and incomplete, then cut it open. Of Alabama? The exact nature of the solution used to soften the manuscript is not known; Madden reported that it consisted of a solution of university of maryland spirits of stoicism vs epicureanism essay zinc and water.(116) Encouraged by their success with Tiberius D. III, Ellis and university of maryland incomplete, Forshall were keen to try and restore some of the fragments stored in delta gamma university, the charter garret.

Forshall immediately tried the technique on what 'appeared at first sight mere lumps of wax and cinder'. After treatment, they proved to be twelfth and thirteenth century charters.(117) During June 1826, Ellis and Forshall sorted through the material in university of maryland, the garret to establish which fragments were worth treating. Ellis described to the Trustees how they had managed to trace nearly a hundred fragments from the Cotton Genesis, which had been placed in a separate box. Likewise, they 'sorted all the Fragments which are written in the Saxon language. ; they amount to some hundreds; these he [Ellis] has placed in another Box; many of them single, and many adhering to each other in thin close masses'.(118) Forshall bore the gamma university reputations brunt of this difficult work,(119) which continued after he became Keeper in 1827.(120) About forty manuscripts were treated in this way.(121) The leaves were separated, partially flattened and stored loose in solander cases. Even after treatment the leaves still remained brittle, and were clearly still at great risk from of maryland application incomplete careless handling in the Reading Room. Madden afterwards described Forshall's efforts as a only gamma university of michigan reputations, 'very partial' attempt at restoration,(122) and this seems to have been a justified criticism. Nevertheless, substantial progress was made.(123) Forshall's work led to university of maryland, the recovery of a number of important Anglo-Saxon manuscripts which were described by Planta as being either lost or unusable. Among the most spectacular rediscoveries were: the unique manuscript of King Alfred's prosimetrical translation of Boethius (Otho A. VI);(124) 131 leaves from the Old English translation of the Pastoral Care (Tiberius B. XI), one of only two extant contemporary manuscripts of the Old English translations associated with King Alfred; an eleventh-century copy of Werferth's Old English translation of the Dialogues of Gregory the Great (Otho C. I, vol. 2); the Vitellius Psalter (Vitellius E. XVIII), complete except for eleven leaves, ten of which were afterwards found by Madden; fragments of the insular gospels in Otho C. V; two eleventh-century manuscripts of Ælfric's Homilies (Vitellius C. V and Vitellius D. XVII); and e landers, a large part of Tiberius A. XV, a composite manuscript including an of maryland, early eleventh-century copy of Alcuin's letters from Christ Church, Canterbury, and an eighth-century copy of Junilius.

Among the later manuscripts made available for scholars for the first time since the fire were a number of cartularies and an important manuscript of Layamon (Otho C. XIII).(125) Forshall also located extra leaves of manuscripts probably partly restored by Planta, such as the early Bede (Tiberius A. Brands Essay? XIV) to which he added five leaves, and university, the Worcester cartulary (Tiberius A. XIII). Most notable of all was the work on the Cotton Genesis. Although the 1732 report stated that sixty fragments of this manuscript had been identified after the fire, Planta could only trace eighteen. Reputations? In July 1826, Forshall reported that 110 fragments of the volume, previously among the loose fragments in application, the charter garret, had been identified, unrolled and cleaned, '88 of which it had been found possible to appropriate to their respective places.' These fragments were now 'ready to be numbered and delta gamma university, deposited in cases secure from future injury'.(126) Madden was afterwards to increase the number of application fragments preserved to university logo, 147.(127) Madden's work in university, identifying and preserving this manuscript has long been recognized, but Forshall's major role has not been noted. As Forshall proceeded, he also added material recovered from the fragments to the Appendix manuscripts.(128) Above all, however, he also prepared detailed descriptions of the restored volumes, and proposed printing these in a supplement to Planta's catalogue.(129) A few of these survive, still unpublished, in copies made for Sir Frederic Madden and inserted in an annotated copy of Planta, preserved in the reference library of the Manuscripts Department.(130) Forshall is a forgotten pioneer in the restoration of the my favorite essay Cotton Manuscripts. However, the conservation work undertaken during his Keepership used new techniques, and the results were not always completely satisfactory. Not only was the university of maryland incomplete restoration incomplete, resulting in a pile of stoicism essay help loose brittle leaves in a box, but some unnecessary damage was caused.

In particular, vellum leaves were cut at the edge both to allow the fat-covered crusts to be opened and individual leaves to be flattened. Application? In subsequent restoration work these incisions were found to be unnecessary and indeed to be a considerable hindrance to further repair of the leaves.(131) The incisions that Forshall had made account for the serrated appearance of the leaves in many burnt Cotton Manuscripts, and are particularly visible in, for example, Otho B. II, a copy of palo alto palo Alfred's translation of the Pastoral Care,(132) Otho C. XIII, an early copy of Layamon, and Otho C. I, volume one, an Anglo-Saxon translation of the Gospels. The greatest blot on Forshall's record in of maryland incomplete, the conservation of the Cotton Manuscripts is the my favorite brands essay work on the burnt Magna Carta, Cotton Charter xiii. 31a. In May 1834, he drew the Trustees' attention to the condition of 'Magna Carta and the ancient and otherwise valuable charters in the Cottonian MS. Augustus A.II', pointing out of maryland, that 'all these documents were suffering much injury, owing to the very imperfect manner in which they had originally been secured'.(133) Augustus II contained one of the greatest single concentrations of my favorite essay Anglo-Saxon charters. Of Maryland Incomplete? It is palo near stanford mall, clear from a later report that Forshall was referring in this minute to the burnt Magna Carta rather than the other exemplar (Augustus II. 106).(134) This minute implies that the 136 varied documents with this pressmark were still bound as a single volume, which would inevitably have caused damage to them. Forshall recommended that Hogarth, the restorer who had been used in unrolling and fixing the Egyptian papyri (then kept in the Manuscripts Department), should repair and secure the university of maryland application incomplete charters.(135) A month later, he reported that this work had been satisfactorily accomplished.(136) In fact, the results as far as the Magna Carta were concerned seem to have been far from satisfactory. This document at present is largely unreadable, even under ultra-violet light. My Favorite Essay? However, Casley's transcription of it made immediately after the fire, now Cotton Charter xiii.

31b, gives a virtually complete text.(137) Similarly, in 1733 John Pine published an application, engraving of the burnt Magna Carta which showed the damage caused by the fire as limited chiefly to the melting of the seal.(138) Moreover, Maty and Rimius reported in 1756 that the document was still 'very legible'.(139) This certainly could not be said of its present condition. Most of the damage to this document was, therefore, probably due to the repair work of 1834 rather than the fire, a conclusion supported by palo alto near, Madden's comment that this copy of Magna Carta was 'Injured in the fire of 1731 (and still more by the injudicious treatment it received from Mr Hogarth).'(140) Forshall's restoration work received some public attention during the proceedings of a parliamentary Select Committee into the administration of the Museum in 1835-6. The committee had been disturbed by Forshall's statement that 'There were in the year 1824 a great quantity of crusts or fragments of manuscripts remaining unopened'.(141) Pressed by the committee, Forshall explained that he referred only to 'the fragments and relics left by of maryland application, the fire, namely, the university remnants of about 130 volumes, which were damaged to a considerable extent, and of maryland application incomplete, perhaps much more than one half of them, being those manuscripts that were very much damaged, remained in the same condition until the year 1824. I thought them, when I came to the Museum, of my favorite so much value, that I spent a great deal of pains in washing and opening them. University Of Maryland? The operation took up much time, and occasioned some expense'.(142) Questioned as to how he knew that there were not other Cotton Manuscripts worth unrolling, Forshall emphasized that such a judgement depended on the description in Smith's catalogue, claiming that the value of a burnt crust could be 'ascertained in most cases from bare inspection', and that the my favorite essay crusts left unconserved were not worth the expense of unrolling.(143) By this time, Forshall felt, like Planta before him, that he had completed the of maryland application restoration of the Cotton library and that everything worth saving was available for scholars to consult. He repeatedly told the Assistant Keeper of Manuscripts, Frederic Madden, that no further Cotton fragments of any value were preserved in delta gamma university of michigan, the Museum.(144)

During the university application incomplete Easter week of college hematology 1827, the university Manuscript collections of the Museum were transferred from Montagu House to the accommodation in the new Museum building which (until the opening of the St Pancras building) they still occupy.(145) It was at this point that use of the emperor pressmarks for medical at stanford shelving the Cotton Manuscripts finally ceased. The motley mixture of placing systems used in Montagu House was abandoned and replaced by the system still used today.(146) The manuscripts were ranked on the shelf according to size, regardless of previous numeration or subject content. They were then given a separate pressmark. At first, this consisted of a roman numeral for the press and university of maryland incomplete, a letter for the shelf; from the mid-nineteenth century, arabic numerals were used for the press. In order to find a particular manuscript on reputations, the shelf, it was necessary to refer to a concordance now known as a handlist.(147) These pressmarks were pencilled on the flyleaf.

They were also put on the spine, as part of the university incomplete spine title, preceded by the word `Plut.' for emily of alabama Pluteus or shelf.(148) Later in university of maryland incomplete, the nineteenth century, the modern procedure of using printed labels on the spine for the pressmark was introduced.(149) One of the 1835-6 Select Committee's principal recommendations was that the office of Secretary of the Museum should no longer be combined with one of the Keeperships, and, by April 1837, Forshall had confided to his assistant, Sir Frederic Madden, his intention to retain the office of Secretary and resign as Keeper of Manuscripts.(150) On 17 April, Madden asked Forshall if they could inspect the old charter garret. Madden's diary records what they found:(151) Mr Forshall. went, at my request, up with me to the garret called the Charter-Room (because the charters were formerly kept here), and where I had always been told there were only a few fragments not worth the bother of dusting or sorting. To my great surprise however, I found a large collection of Bagford's Title-pages. covered with the accumulated dust of nearly 80 years, also a large quantity of fragments and crusts of the burnt Cotton MSS. My Favorite Brands Essay Help? many of which appeared to university, me well worth the process of restoration.

Mr F. had always assured me he had selected from them every thing worth preserving, but I saw enough before me to doubt the college kolkata accuracy of university of maryland his statement, and going on with my searches, I discovered in college hematology, an old cupboard the identical Cartulary of of maryland incomplete Christ Church Twinham in stoicism essay help, Hampshire [Tiberius D. VI], which I have so often and so fruitlessly inquired after, and very little the worse for the fire, except being wrinkled up! Is not this very disgraceful of the university Keepers of MSS. from the middle of the last century to the present day. I saw enough to make me resolve in my own mind, to have the entire room cleared out, whenever it should be my lot to be Keeper of the MSS. and I resolved at once to bring down into my own room the two large bundles which formed the gamma of michigan Christ Church Cartulary, and a third bundle which apparently contains an English Chronicle. I left up in the garret fragments of crusts of vellum enough to of maryland incomplete, fill several bushel baskets, likewise a box full of receipts of Sir Robert Cotton's, and three boxes said to contain the refuse of the essay help Hargrave collection. It is university of maryland application incomplete, very much to the discredit of Mr F that affairs should have remained thus, and so I believe he felt, when I produced to him the long lost Christ Church Cartulary, which he had declared to me over and over again could not by any possibility exist! Madden took the Christchurch Cartulary fragments back to his room, and emily, began washing and flattening them, using the methods pioneered by Davy and Forshall. His personal diary for 26 April 1837 notes: Continued the washing pressing of the burnt Cartulary of Ch.

Ch. Twinham, Hants., which I am happy to university of maryland application incomplete, find, will be perfectly legible, after it has undergone the process. Palo Alto Hotels Stanford Mall Palo? The Calendar of Contents prefixed is complete, so that I shall be able by that means to easily arrange the leaves which have lost their numbering. Of Maryland Application Incomplete? The account given of this Priory in the New Editn. of the Monasticon is very trifling, and, Ellis declares, without any reason, that the essay Cartulary was lost in the Cotton fire!(152) In July 1837, Madden was appointed Keeper of Manuscripts. University Of Maryland Application? On 16 August, he began to 'make a list of all the Cotton MSS. that were injured by the fire of 1731 and their present state -- with a view of identifying, as far as possible, the mass of fragments still remaining in the old Charter Room'.(153) On his return from hotels stanford holiday in October 1837, Madden badgered Forshall into university application incomplete, handing over the keys of the charter room,(154) and immediately made a further examination of its contents. Medical Hematology? He gave a detailed account of the material stored there in his work diary for 31 October 1837 (afterwards adding notes on further investigations undertaken during November): Went up in the old Charter Room looked out Bagford's long neglected loose collections -- also the remainder of the Cartulary of university application incomplete Ch[rist] Ch[urch] Twinham, Hants and many other valuable fragments which I propose to have restored. Emily E Landers Of Alabama? The contents of this room are at present as follows. 1. University Application? A very large box filled with fragments of burnt vellum Cotton MSS. the greater part broken and single leaves. Alto Near Stanford Mall? In a dreadful state of dirt and confusion. Of Maryland Incomplete? (lock)

2. Emily E Landers University? A large box, recently made, containing the more entire portions of the burnt vellum Cotton MSS. (lock) 3. A large box recently made, containing portions of the burnt paper Cotton MSS. and also bundles of Cotton bills Accounts c. (lock) 4. A box, locked, but found to be empty, when forced open on 23d Nov. 5. Application? A larger box, containing Hargrave law papers (opened 23 Nov.) 6. A box containing the refuse of the Lansdowne Collection, placed here by Sir H. Ellis (Nailed down)(155) 7. A small box containing papers relating to the British Fishery Company (chiefly powers of attorney) and some miscellaneous papers of no value, the latter placed there by myself.(156) As Madden's annotations indicate, these precious boxes of Cotton fragments were locked up again after he had examined them, but he removed some of the larger vellum fragments and on 2 November again spent most of the day personally washing and flattening the further fragments of the cartulary of Christchurch Priory he had found.(157) Madden was a native of Hampshire and planned to write a history of the county.(158) The rediscovery of the Christchurch Cartulary was an achievement of which he was particularly proud.(159) The fact that Madden himself made the emily e landers of alabama first attempts at restoring the Christchurch Cartulary indicates the limited resources for major conservation work at his disposal. He doubted whether the Museum's binder, Charles Tuckett, was equal to the intricate task of dealing with the university brittle vellum fragments.

Forshall had preferred to louis university philippines logo round, use Hogarth on more delicate work, such as unrolling the Egyptian papyri, and even he had caused great damage when working on of maryland, the burnt Magna Carta. Saint Louis Logo? On 11 January 1838, Madden reported to the Trustees: that he has received from Dr [Bulkeley] Bandinel, chief librarian of the Bodleian Library, and Dr [Philip] Bliss, Registrar, very strong testimonials in favour of a person named [Henry] Gough, who has been extensively employed to repair, inlay, and restore damaged manuscripts in the Bodleian and several of the application incomplete College Libraries at Oxford. [He] recommends most seriously, that he should be permitted to have a trial, in the restoration of the burnt Cotton charters (now from the state in delta gamma university, which they are in, impossible to university application, be used), and also on a few of the most valuable MSS. such as the Greek psalter on papyrus, purchased of Dr Hogg;(160) the fragments of the emily burnt Cotton Genesis; the university application incomplete remains of the my favorite essay Saxon Boethius, and other Saxon fragments, which cannot at present [be] consulted without injury to of maryland application incomplete, them, and which require a very practiced hand to university, restore them. Dr Bandinel assures Sir F.M. that the terms of Gough are very moderate. He is at present still employed at Oxford, but will shortly come up to London.(161) It is university, evident that Madden did not at brands this stage envisage using Gough for a full-scale restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts. Incomplete? He perhaps thought the Trustees would be nervous of the cost of such a project. Instead, he seems to have intended using Gough to protect those manuscripts of which large sections had been recovered by Forshall and which were in danger of damage as a result of the louis university philippines logo round handling of loose unprotected leaves in the Reading Room.

It is university application, noticeable that Madden does not mention here his discoveries in vs epicureanism essay help, the garret. Of Maryland Incomplete? His concern that the Trustees would shrink from the alto hotels mall palo cost of such elaborate conservation work was justified. On 26 May, they refused Gough's services.(162) Madden noted in university of maryland, his diary: 'I am of opinion they neglect the interests of this Department by such a step'.(163) He continued working himself on some of the newly recovered fragments. In his personal diary for 17 July 1838, he wrote: 'Went up in the Old Charter Room and help, finished looking over the larger box containing the burnt Cotton fragments, and selecting the best portion. Flattened a few leaves of the valuable Cotton Genesis, which had been overlooked by Mr Forshall.'(164) On the following day, he 'Flattened some fragments of Saxon MSS. and discovered two leaves of the curious Proverbs ascribed to university of maryland application, Alfred [Galba A. Medical College Kolkata Hematology Department At Stanford? XIX], supposed to have been totally destroyed in the fire'.(165) The impetus for the full restoration of the Cotton collection came not from Madden, but from that ubiquitous figure in nineteenth-century manuscript studies, Sir Thomas Phillipps.

On 10 October 1838 Phillipps wrote to William Richard Hamilton, a Museum Trustee, expressing his concern about the condition of the application incomplete damaged Cotton Manuscripts and suggesting that the most valuable should be transcribed before they were sent for saint logo binding.(166) The Trustees were at last persuaded of the need for action and university incomplete, instructed Madden to repair a report on the damaged Cotton Manuscripts, indicating which were sufficiently important to be worth the expense of transcription. Madden replied on 13 December with a masterly survey of the condition of the Cotton Manuscripts.(167) This was more comprehensive than any previous survey of the condition of the manuscripts, since he described all the volumes damaged in the fire, not just the most badly affected manuscripts. He divided the damaged manuscripts (as distinct from the vs epicureanism help fragments) into three classes. The first comprised 'Those MSS. which by the agency of of maryland incomplete heat have been compressed and corrugated, with the edges burnt, and in many cases, broken, torn, and dirtied. These are in number 35, all of which, if skilfully flattened, inlaid and saint logo round, repaired, might be protected from further injury, and rendered in a comparatively good condition for general use'.(168) Madden pointed out that 'Many of these MSS. are among the most valuable of university application those possessed by medical kolkata department, the Museum, such for instance, as the university of maryland unique Saxon poem of Beowulf [Vitellius A. XV], the Saxon Grammar of Ælfric [Julius A. II], a copy of the Saxon Chronicle [Tiberius B. IV], two copies of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, probably nearly contemporary with the author [Tiberius C. II, and presumably Tiberius A. XIV, although this was in college department, fact stored as loose leaves at this time, and was elsewhere correctly assigned by of maryland application, Madden to the third class]; two exceedingly curious copies of brands essay help Aratus c., with illuminations, of the tenth and eleventh centuries [Tiberius B. V and C. I], a Psalter with a Saxon Gloss [Tiberius C. Of Maryland Application? VI]; the Cartulary of Worcester with the stoicism vs epicureanism essay help Saxon Charters c. [Tiberius A. XIII]'. He observed that 'None of these MSS. are at present in a state fit for general use and they are constantly receiving fresh injuries'. Application Incomplete? There was in Madden's view no alternative to the full restoration of these manuscripts: 'The expenses of transcription would be enormous, and to palo alto hotels near stanford mall palo, copy the illuminations of some impossible. Sir F.M. thinks that the whole of this class ought to be repaired with as little delay as possible'. He stressed to the Trustees his view that the application incomplete Museum's own binder, Charles Tuckett, was not sufficiently skilled for this delicate work. He did not restrict himself to the Cotton Manuscripts, and pointed out saint louis university round, that some of the Royal Manuscripts, also affected by the fire at university application Ashburnham House, needed treatment. He drew the Trustees' attention in particular to Royal MS.

15 C. XI, 'containing a very valuable copy of medical hematology Plautus of the 11th century', which had been badly damaged by damp and also required careful inlaying and repair. Madden's second class of damaged manuscripts consisted of 'those MSS. (chiefly on of maryland, paper) which have been burnt on the edges and part of the writing injured or are otherwise out of repair.' These manuscripts were no less valuable than those in the first class, since they 'comprehend a very large portion of the original State Correspondence between England and other countries from the e landers university reign of Henry the Eighth to the reign of James the First'. This was by far the largest category of manuscripts requiring repair, 134 in all.(169) Unlike the manuscripts of the university of maryland application first class, Madden felt that all were 'capable of being inlaid or bound by Tuckett'. Of Alabama? However, there was a high risk of further loss or damage in this operation. Madden stressed that 'in numerous instances the written edges must sustain further injury in being handled'. It was consequently 'highly desirable that many of the letters should be transcribed before they are placed in the binder's hands'. The third class of damaged manuscripts consisted of university of maryland incomplete those loose leaves in solander cases, chiefly the kolkata department manuscripts reclaimed by Forshall but also including a number which Planta had been reluctant to have bound up. Madden assigned 67 manuscripts to this class, including some portions of paper manuscripts kept as loose leaves in cases, presumably since Planta's time.(170) He recommended that these manuscripts should also be inlaid and bound, and university of maryland, the most vulnerable parts transcribed. He suggested that it was to one of these manuscripts, a cartulary of St Albans, that Sir Thomas Phillipps had referred in his letter.(171) Madden pointed out that the edges of this manuscript had been ' greatly injured and broken by readers'. This was certainly a manuscript worthy of kolkata hematology department at stanford full transcription. This, Madden emphasized, was merely the university incomplete tip of the iceberg, namely those manuscripts available in the Reading Room and palo alto stanford mall palo, kept with the main manuscript collections.

There were also the university of maryland application incomplete 'burnt fragments or crusts of the brands essay Cotton library, which fill three large boxes, among which are various Saxon portions and other valuable remains (all deserving of transcription)', as well as 'the injured Cotton Charters, which fill two drawers, all of which might be flattened and preserved by a skilful person'. He concluded by application, stressing once again the need for outside help in stoicism essay, contemplating such a project. University Incomplete? He sought to 'press on the attention of the Trustees. the necessity of employing some competent person, who shall put the Cotton Library into delta university of michigan, a complete state of repair'. He also returned to an old hobbyhorse, the need of attaching a transcriber to the department 'whose sole business should be to transcribe and copy. The utility of such a measure must soon become apparent, for many of the Royal and university of maryland application, other autographs are wearing out from constant use, and the same is the case in regard to the Indexes to louis, the Heraldic Visitations and collections of pedigrees'. Madden's report provided a blueprint for the restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts. His classification and listing of the different types of of maryland application incomplete damaged manuscripts provided the basis on which the work was organized over the next forty years. His analysis of the treatment required was acute and needed little modification as the emily work proceeded. He backed up his case by laying before the Trustees some of the most damaged manuscripts in the first class, but, not surprisingly, they were alarmed at the scale of the project Madden had unfolded before them. In particular, they were worried about the cost of restoring the vellum manuscripts, and were reluctant to make use of Gough. The Trustees therefore decided to concentrate on the manuscripts in of maryland application, Madden's second class, which could be managed by Tuckett.

They ordered that the damaged paper manuscripts should be repaired, and on 10 January 1839, Madden presented them with a detailed list of these manuscripts.(172) Twenty-five of these were marked by him as at risk of serious textual loss in brands, the course of binding. He described these as consisting largely 'of Original State Correspondence and Papers between England and France, 1577-1620, between England and Belgium, 1516-1586, and between England and of maryland application incomplete, Rome, 1509-1529'. He proposed that a transcript should be bound up leaf by leaf with the original. The remaining manuscripts in this list only required careful repairing and rebinding, so that the labour of transcribing their contents before binding was not justifiable. These included not only damaged paper manuscripts, but also a few of the less badly injured vellum manuscripts. In order to saint louis logo round, reduce the cost of the proposed transcriptions, Madden suggested 'the plan not of copying these papers in intire , but only the marginal words, which run the risk of being broken off in the hands of the reader or binder (indeed(173) several of this class of scorched MSS. Of Maryland Application? have already materially so suffered), and my favorite essay help, after the transcript is made, to application, bind it up leaf by leaf with the original.'(174) Madden describes the Trustees' reactions to his proposals: 'although they saw with their own eyes confessed the necessity, yet the expense (about 300£) seemed such a bugbear in their eyes, that they would only authorise me to have one volume done in the manner I proposed'.(175) It was agreed to prepare a transcript of Caligula E. VII as a trial.(176) The experiment proved unsuccessful. On 29 June Madden had regretfully to recommend that the alto near stanford preparation of transcripts of damaged volumes be discontinued, as the transcripts would have almost doubled the size of the university collection and there was not enough room in the presses to accommodate them.(177) It was therefore agreed that 'all of this class should be inlaid and rebound forthwith by Tuckett'.(178) On 11 July 1839, work finally began in earnest. Madden gave Tuckett the binder Caligula E. VII, as well as one of the injured Saxon charters.(179) Once started, the restoration of the paper manuscripts proceeded quickly.

By the end of 1841 the stoicism essay help bulk of the manuscripts in this category had been successfully repaired.(180) Madden had not forgotten the university of maryland damaged vellum manuscripts. His reaction to the Trustees' decision to medical kolkata at stanford, concentrate on university, the paper manuscripts was to urge on them 'the propriety of placing certain restrictions on the use of the damaged Cotton MSS. until they shall have been secured against further injury'.(181) He gave a characteristically vivid description of the danger facing these manuscripts: 'At present every person who receives a ticket to the Reading Room, has thereby a sanction to send for every MS. in palo alto hotels mall palo, the collection, without regard to its condition or value, and it may be adviseable, without placing any check to university application, the researches of persons properly qualified to examine MSS. to put these arrangements on e landers university of alabama, a somewhat different footing.' Manuscripts were at this time read in the general Reading Room.(182) Asked to outline what changes he would make, he proposed issuing 'a distinct ticket for readers wishing to use MSS.'(183) This proposal did not find favour and Madden's later attempts to ensure that the more valuable manuscripts did not leave his department caused great antagonism.(184) During 1840, although much preoccupied with the repair of the paper manuscripts, Madden nevertheless found time to make some preliminary notes on the contents of the boxes of burnt fragments and to prepare a further detailed schedule of the current condition of the damaged manuscripts.(185) He had also given to Tuckett for inlaying a few of the damaged vellum manuscripts of the university of maryland application first class which he felt Tuckett could be trusted with.(186) The continued threat to the vellum manuscripts that resulted from allowing them to remain as loose leaves is illustrated by medical college kolkata hematology at stanford, an incident involving Forshall. Already on 27 May 1841, Forshall had located among his belongings 'some fragments of one of the injured Cotton MSS. and university, transcripts of a few of the Norreys papers in medical college kolkata hematology department, the handwriting of Mr Stevenson'.(187) On 3 April 1843, Madden was checking a transcription of Tiberius A. Application? X and found ff. 141-172 missing.(188) He ordered an immediate search. Two days later 'To my great surprise Mr Forshall brought me the stoicism vs epicureanism missing portion of Tib. A X, ff.

141-172 together with some other fragments of vellum Cotton MSS. which had been laying, unnoticed, in a wicker basket, covered by his private papers, since the university incomplete year 1825! How he can explain this, is wonderful to delta university, me; for my own part I think him greatly to blame in this matter. Among the fragments in this basket I found portions of the 2d text of Layamon, which I am vexed at, as I have been prevented from including the lines in my edition'.(189) In 1841, Madden returned to the offensive on behalf of the vellum manuscripts, and on 5 May he again drew the Trustees' attention to 'the deplorable condition of the of maryland application incomplete valuable Cottonian MSS. on vellum ' and essay help, 'the injuries to which they are now daily subject. He therefore urgently(190) recommends(191) that Mr Gough, the person employed formerly to repair MSS. in the Bodleian Library, should be allowed a trial, to repair one of the injured Cotton MSS. and if successful, that he should be allowed to proceed until the whole are in application, a fit state of repair.'(192) The timing of this report was perfect. Three days later the hotels near palo Trustees made a visitation of the Manuscripts Department. Madden describes how 'They sent for me to confer respecting the reparation of the injured vellum Cotton MSS. and after much discussion, authorised a trial to be made on two or three detached leaves'.(193) With an evident sense of relief, Madden noted that 'The address of H. Gough, the university incomplete person to palo hotels near stanford mall, be employed, is 26 Lower Islington Terrace, Cloudesley Square, Islington'.(194) Gough called on Madden and Sir Frederic 'placed in his hands three vellum leaves much injured, to flatten and inlay'.(195) On 29 May, Gough returned to Madden the university application incomplete three trial leaves. As a further test, Madden gave him three more 'of a better description'.(196) On 3 June, Madden wrote in medical kolkata department, his personal diary 'In the evening received from Gough the additional fragments of injured Cotton MSS. that I placed in his hands. On the whole, he has certainly succeeded as I anticipated, and it is very clear that many of the injured MSS. may be carefully inlaid rendered fit for use.'(197) On 9 June, Madden submitted the fragments flattened and inlaid by Gough to the Trustees and reported:(198) 'Mr Gough would be willing to employ his time in this description of work at the rate of 12s. per diem, from 9 in the morning till 4 in the afternoon. He estimates the time and labor expended on the six fragments placed in his hands to application, be about a day's work, but he states that if regularly employed, a much greater number of leaves, say from 10 to alto mall, 16 might be taken in hand at the same time, consequently greater progress made.(199) Sir F.M. recommends that Gough should be allowed to proceed with the flattening and inlaying of such of the valuable Cottonian MSS. as are at present in loose leaves , such as the Saxon Boethius, Otho A. University Of Maryland Incomplete? VI, the interlineary Saxon Psalter, Vitell.

E. Help? XVIII, the Saxon Gospels and Gregory's Dialogues, Otho C. Incomplete? I, Alcuin's Letters, Tib. A. XV, the Cartulary of Christchurch Twinham, Tib. D. VI. etc. These volumes might then be bound and allowed to be used, without fear of further injury.' Thus Madden's first priority was to emily e landers, inlay the manuscripts separated by Forshall and preserved as loose leaves, with the addition of the Christchurch Cartulary, treated by Madden himself in the same way. Madden doubtless hoped that this strategy would help reduce the initial costs of the exercise. The Trustees once again took fright at the cost, asking the Principal Librarian, Ellis, to seek further information. Madden was furious. 'The Trustees act most shamefully and disgracefully in this business', he grumbled.(200) His exasperation is evident in his reply of July 1 to Ellis.(201) 'In reply to your note of 16 June on the subject of the of maryland application injured Cotton MSS. on vellum the necessity of having them repaired', he wrote, `I beg leave to refer you to my reports of 11 Jany 1838, 13 Dec. 1838, 3 Jan. 1839, 7 March 1839, 5 May 1841 and 9 June 1841 which contain, I conceive, every information that the Trustees or yourself could require'. However, he went on logo round, to give a detailed breakdown of the amount of work required.

The number of cases containing loose leaves was, Madden reckoned, altogether 71, amounting altogether to about 7300 leaves. With the exception of one case, containing about university application incomplete, 200 leaves, all this material was 'of great value '. In the drawers in brands essay, his own room, there were a further 450 leaves, and additionally about a thousand leaves had recently been extracted from the university of maryland incomplete boxes in the garret as suitable for treatment. This gave a total of 8750 leaves requiring work, which Madden rounded up to 9000 leaves. Madden guessed that, of medical college kolkata hematology department at stanford these, about 2900 leaves were from Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Another 5700 leaves were from historical manuscripts, including monastic cartularies. The final 400 consisted of theological works from before the twelfth century. Madden felt that it was 'decidedly expedient' to have all this material treated by Gough. He pointed out that 'The greater part by far of these consists of inedited matter , of a very valuable description.' The size of the leaves varied 'from folio to 12mo of course the expense would vary with the size'. Despite these detailed figures, it was still difficult to produce an university of maryland incomplete, accurate costing of the work, and saint louis university round, Madden urged that, to establish this, Gough should be allowed 'to flatten and inlay three of these MSS. simultaneously '. He also took the opportunity of a visitation of the Trustees on 19 June 1841 to press the case further. In his personal diary, he noted that 'Mr Speaker then inquired relative to the success of Gough's experiment on the injured MSS. and came into my private room, accompanied by the Archbishop, Lord Ashburton, and others, and I shewed them and urged the necessity of university repairing the Cotton vellum MSS. E Landers University Of Alabama? seriatim. University Of Maryland Application? They all appeared to approve of university what I said, particularly the of maryland application incomplete Archbishop, who said that Gough had been working for him in the Lambeth Library and that his charges were very moderate.'(202) Eventually, on 15 July, the Trustees authorized Madden to employ Gough to flatten and inlay three of the damaged vellum manuscripts stored as loose leaves, namely the Vitellius Psalter (Vitellius E. XVIII), the Christchurch Cartulary (Tiberius D. VI) and the volume containing a copy of Alcuin's letters (Tiberius A. XV).

It was afterwards decided to leave the Alcuin volume for the time being, and use the brands essay Old English Gospels, Otho C. I, volume one, for the trial instead.(203) It was some time before Gough was able to start work. The manuscripts were not allowed to leave Museum premises and, as always, space was a problem. In his work diary for 19 November 1841, Madden noted showing Gough the rooms beneath the university of maryland incomplete Manuscripts Department and elsewhere, and discussing the subject with Ellis. 'The only room he can possibly use (before Hogarth finishes his work) is the small room underneath my own, which is very badly lighted and gamma of michigan reputations, very damp. I ordered the room to be thoroughly cleaned a fire to be kept constantly, to see the effect.'(204) Gough eventually started work, beginning with the Vitellius Psalter. By May 1842 he had inlaid the leaves of the university application incomplete manuscript in paper mounts, which were then bound by Tuckett. College At Stanford? By November 1842, he had also inlaid Otho C. I and Tiberius D. VI, which were similarly bound up by Tuckett.(205) On 10 November 1842, Madden laid the application incomplete results of Gough's work before the Trustees: For nearly a century none of these MSS. were accessible for literary purposes, and even within these last few years when a partial restoration was attempted it was impossible to handle them, particularly the Saxon volumes, without causing further damage.

They are now completely secured for the future, and medical kolkata department, can be consulted without fear of any additional injury. In regard to university of maryland incomplete, the expense, the stanford palo great value of the MSS. of this class, in Sir F. M.'s opinion, sufficiently authorise it and he begs leave to remark, that in of maryland incomplete, the payments made to Gough, no charge is made by him for the tracing paper at 12s. per quire or isinglass at 14s per lb.; things not generally used, but essential to preserve the flexibility of the leaves. My Favorite Brands Essay? Mr Gough also remarks with justice, that the time labor required to inlay MSS. that have previously been flattened by incisions (as is the case with those now completed) is far greater than if the leaves had remained intact . The great proportion however of the MSS. proposed to be restored and inlaid, are of the university application latter class . Sir F.M. trusts that the volumes will meet with the approbation of the Trustees, and that Mr Gough will be authorised to proceed with the work so well commenced.(206) Despite Madden's reassurances, the Trustees, worried at the expense, would agree to Gough's working only on 'four or five of the more valuable MSS. Saint Louis University Logo Round? which Sir F.M. is to select'.(207) Madden chose Tiberius B. University Application Incomplete? V, Tiberius C. VI, Otho A. VI and 'one without a number', a household book of Edward I. Gough completed these by palo alto hotels stanford, April 1843, then delivered what must have been a body-blow to Madden, by writing on 19 April to say that 'having made his mind to reside at Oxford, he should resign his employment at the Museum'.(208) Madden's comment in university of maryland application incomplete, his work diary, 'This really is vexatious', sounds an understatement.(209) Two days later, when Gough brought up to Madden the inlaid leaves of Tiberius C. VI and Otho A. VI, Madden tried to persuade him to change his mind. Madden recorded that 'He will discontinue his work here for the present, but I am in hopes that he will be able to palo alto hotels near stanford, give 3 months of his time yearly to the Museum, after he is settled in Oxford'.(210) Gough's departure put paid to further work on university of maryland, the vellum manuscripts in medical kolkata hematology, 1843, and Madden had to report to the Trustees that 'no person could be found to supply Gough's place, and until he resumes and proceeds with the work undertaken by him, Sir F. Incomplete? M. Emily E Landers University Of Alabama? feels himself under the necessity of witholding from the readers several valuable MSS. too much injured to be handled'.(211) In January 1844, Gough was able to resume the work for three months,(212) but it was not until January 1845 that Madden was able finally to of maryland, settle this problem. On 17 January, Madden reported to the Trustees: 'Mr Gough now proposes, to give up the whole of his time to the Museum, until the injured Cotton vellum MSS. are entirely restored; and to facilitate this, he begs to be allowed an emily of alabama, assistant at the rate of 5d per diem.'(213) The assistant Gough had in mind was his son Philip, who started work at the Museum in university of maryland incomplete, March 1845, and alto hotels mall, continued until November 1849.(214) The Trustees' minute of 18 March 1845 approving this also gave Madden permission to 'proceed with the application incomplete reparation of the burnt vellum MSS. until all which deserve the expenditure [in Madden's view, every single one] are completed'.(215) For nearly seven years Madden had been seeking authorization from the Trustees for a full programme for the restoration of the damaged Cotton Manuscripts.

At last he had secured it. He interpreted the Trustees' instructions as widely as possible. Not only were the damaged manuscripts repaired but the condition of the whole collection was checked, and all necessary repairs undertaken. Having been given the palo alto hotels palo carte blanche he wanted, Madden ensured that work proceeded as quickly as possible. Of Maryland? 1845 proved to saint louis university philippines logo, be the university of maryland application incomplete annus mirabilis of conservation work on the Cotton collection. Gough inlaid twelve manuscripts, including the alto hotels stanford mall Beowulf manuscript (Vitellius A. XV), the early Bede (Tiberius A. XIV), and the Old English translation of the Pastoral Care, reuniting the incomplete fragments numbered Appendix 43 with those under the original number of the manuscript, Otho B. III, as well as cartularies from Chertsey and Winchcombe.(216) In 1846, Gough dealt with a further eleven manuscripts, including the autograph manuscript of Knighton's Chronicle, Tiberius C. VII, and Otho B. XI, a tenth-century compilation of Old English historical works, including a translation of Bede and a version of the college kolkata department at stanford Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.(217) In the meantime, Tuckett had continued with the university paper manuscripts and some of the less badly damaged vellum material. Indeed, Madden's confidence in Tuckett's ability to my favorite brands essay, deal with damaged vellum manuscripts increased, and from 1847 Tuckett was allowed to inlay the leaves of some of the older vellum manuscripts.(218) Eventually, his work in this respect began to equal if not surpass that of university of maryland application incomplete Gough. On 24 March 1852, Madden noted that 'Tuckett's workman has been able to open the MS. of Capgrave [Otho D. IX] which Gough injured so much. Hematology At Stanford? I shall put the worst in his hands. Gough's work could draw to a close in university, another twelvemonth or so'.(219)

By 1852, the stoicism vs epicureanism help Trustees were growing anxious about the length of incomplete time the restoration was taking, and asked Madden to indicate 'which of these MSS. still unrestored he would specify as deserving the earliest attention, and how many in the whole, he would regard as requiring restoration'.(220) This was a difficult question to answer. At the beginning of his work on the Cotton Manuscripts, Madden had been able to find manuscripts from the loose fragments which were still largely intact and could be readily identified. As the work progressed, however, more and more shapeless 'black lumps' and 'crusts' were being sent down for treatment. Palo Stanford Palo? These could not be identified until they were opened up and flattened. Thus, in his personal diary for 7 June 1851, Madden recorded that 'Mr Gough brought me up inlaid, the of maryland application incomplete burnt Cotton MS. lump I lately placed in his hands, and on examining it, I found it to be Vitellius F.III, which is stated to my favorite brands essay help, be totally lost both by Casley and of maryland, Planta. It contains the Lives of several saints c. by Ailred of Rievaux, and is a fine copy of the 12th century, and nearly perfect.'(221) Madden therefore laid before the Trustees a selection of the delta university of michigan reputations burnt lumps and university incomplete, crusts to show them the impossibility of ascertaining their contents 'in their present miserable state of cremation, dirt and neglect'.(222) However, he also proposed an important change in procedure to of alabama, speed up the work.(223) He suggested 'that instead of taking each single lump, and fragment, and after flattening it, proceeding to inlay it, as at present, that for the present Mr Gough should be directed to of maryland incomplete, confine his operations wholly to the task of cleaning, separating and medical college, flattening, until the whole have been done. By this means, very great progress could be made, and Sir F. University Incomplete? M. would be enabled, as the mass was rendered capable of examination, to class the leaves portions together, so as to form volumes. When this was done, the emily e landers more valuable volumes might then be inlaid, according to the instructions of the Trustees.' In his book of reports Madden noted sourly that ' No notice was taken of this Report '.(224) He nevertheless took this as assent to his proposal for a preliminary flattening of the burnt crusts, and from July 1852 Gough concentrated on separating and flattening loose leaves.(225) During 1852, not only were Tiberius B. VI, Otho A. VII, Otho C. XI, part of incomplete Otho D. Palo Alto Near Palo? X, Otho E. XII and XIII, and Vitellius F. VII -- all supposed to have been lost in the fire -- identified, flattened, inlaid, collated and university of maryland, bound, but also 4939 loose leaves had been flattened, 2894 identified and 1375 inlaid.(226) By 1854, Madden was able to report that 'the entire mass of the burnt vellum fragments of the Cottonian Collection (which originally in bulk would have filled a small cart) have now been flattened not a scrap remains unexamined '.(227) Two years later, the inlaying of kolkata hematology at stanford these fragments had been completed and on 30 October 1856, Madden was finally able to report that Gough would within a few days complete his 'long and arduous work' in inlaying the of maryland fragments.(228) Madden lost no opportunity to publicize these achievements.

In 1850, a Royal Commission investigated the essay Museum. Madden proudly laid before them some examples of restored Cotton Manuscripts, including the Christchurch Cartulary, and described how two hundred of the damaged manuscripts had been inlaid and of the incomplete vellum alone about palo hotels mall, 7,000 leaves, of which 2,000 had been inlaid in university application incomplete, 1849.(229) The centrepiece of the first public exhibition of manuscripts at the Museum in 1851, arranged on the occasion of the Great Exhibition, was a drawing commissioned by Gough from the stanford mall miniaturist and accomplished imitator of medieval manuscripts, Caleb W. Wing, showing an university of maryland, early manuscript of Roger of Wendover's chronicle, Otho B. V, before and after its restoration by Gough.(230) This remarkable drawing dramatically illustrates the extent and skill of medical college department Gough's restoration. Indeed, this was more like resurrection than restoration.(231) To emphasize the point, the application incomplete exhibition also included an example of a burnt manuscript from the Royal Library, Royal MS. My Favorite Brands? 9 C. X, which was deliberately left unconserved to illustrate the condition of the manuscripts before treatment.(232) The departure of Gough did not mark the end of the work on the Cotton Manuscripts. He left behind a huge quantity of loose leaves, each one carefully inlaid, which required identification and sorting, perhaps the most arduous task of all. In the university early 1860s, Madden enlisted the help of a number of his brightest assistants, including the young Edward Maunde Thompson, in a final assault on the fragments.(233) It was largely as a result of this concentration on the Cotton material that the e landers university cataloguing backlog for which Madden was afterwards criticized built up.(234) By 1864, this last work on the fragments was well advanced. University Application Incomplete? Madden could afford to feel, if not complacent, then at least pleased with himself for having pushed to the verge of completion one of the largest programmes of manuscript conservation ever undertaken, even if the Trustees failed to gamma university of michigan, recognize its importance. University Of Maryland? On 10 March 1864, Madden recorded in his personal diary: Gave into the hands of Mr Thompson, one of my assistants, the whole of the remaining vellum fragments of the hotels Cottonian Collection, not yet bound, or not identified, with instructions for him and Mr Scott [Edward Scott, afterwards Keeper of Manuscripts], to go carefully over of maryland application, them, and arrange such as are identified, and then identify, as far as possible, the rest. I have long had this work at heart, as, when it is done, I shall be able finally to bind up in boards the whole of what now remains of the loose 'refuse' of the my favorite brands essay Cotton MSS. Application Incomplete? left after the fire of 1731 and which by kolkata hematology, my own labor and perseverance were rescued from dust and of maryland, oblivion , when thrown together in heaps in one of the garrets of the old Museum building. I shall be truly glad to get this completed before I quit the Museum.

I may then give a brief list of the Volumes or portions of this noble collection, which have been rescued from destruction, and made available to scholars. I have received no thanks from the Trustees, nor indeed from the Public, for the pains I have taken since 1844 to my favorite essay help, restore these missing portions of the Cottonian Collection, but I have the satisfaction of my own conscience in having undertaken and carried out a task so onerous and difficult, that I do not believe any other man living would have attempted it.(235) When he wrote these words, Madden was unaware that the of maryland application work on of michigan, the restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts was about to receive its greatest setback. On the evening of 10 July 1865, Madden was writing letters in his residence when at about 9 o'clock 'we were alarmed by a report that Mr Panizzi's house was on fire! It was the work of university incomplete a few moments to fly downstairs, put on my boots and overcoat, get out the Museum keys, and rush into the Court. The first thing I saw was an immense column of black smoke, followed by flames, rising apparently out of the corridor leading to Mr. P's house, but on approaching closer, I perceived that the palo mall palo fire was not in the corridor but in Tuckett's the binder's work shops! The sight was terrible, for I knew that many MSS. of value had lately been sent down to him!'(236) The Museum's fire drill did not prove very effective.

Policemen with vital keys could not be found; the fireman was on leave, and no trained replacements could be found, so that on the first attempt to use the fire hydrants, the hose burst; Panizzi was (as usual, comments Madden) dining out, and university application, did not return until midnight; when the fire brigade, summoned by telegram, arrived after half an hour with two fire engines, only one could be used. 'Such a want of organization (after all the emily e landers university fair printed rules and instructions)', declared Madden, 'I never beheld in my life'. The fire raged for over an hour. By 10.15 pm it had been put out, and Madden sent one of his attendants, George Gatfield, to try and find out which manuscripts had been damaged. Fortunately most of the manuscripts had been placed in an iron safe in the stone-vaulted room where the Duke of Bedford's muniments were formerly deposited and had escaped injury. This left the manuscripts actually in the hands of the workmen to application, be accounted for. At eleven, Gatfield brought Madden a parcel of vellum manuscripts recovered from the workshop. It was burnt on the outside and saturated with water. 'I could not tell what they were, but put them away to essay, dry. I was very weary and vexed beyond measure at so unfortunate an of maryland incomplete, occurance, although I had always feared it !'

On the following day, Madden visited the devastated bindery to survey the damage. It appeared that the cause of the fire was a charcoal brazier in the finishing room, and emily of alabama, the manuscripts left overnight in this room had been destroyed and damaged. Madden ordered one of the assistants, Richard Sims, to make a complete list of manuscripts sent down to the binder, and check it by those returned so as to ascertain the extent of the incomplete loss. 'The MSS. brought to saint louis round, my house last night by Gatfield prove to be the university remains of vs epicureanism essay help several Cottonian MSS. which after having had so much labor time expended on them, in flattening, inlaying, identifying, collating arranging, had been finally described and sent down to be bound. It is most unfortunate that these remains, saved almost by miracle from the fire of 1731 should now again, after the lapse of above 130 years be again partially burnt. The water has done almost as much damage as the fire, and the whole are in a very sad plight.' Madden gave his deputy, Edward Augustus Bond, instructions as to the salvage work to be undertaken on the manuscripts, and went to acquaint some of the Trustees with the bad news. He returned to the scene of the disaster in the afternoon. 'Some Persian MSS have been recovered (partly in the sewing room up stairs) but I am distressed to learn that the Anglo-Saxon copy of Gregory's Pastoral Care, in Tib. B. XI (which Mr Hamilton and myself had in university, our hands so recently, to ascertain the hotels near stanford places of a few loose leaves) has been entirely destroyed as has also a vellum MS. of the Arundel Collection, No. 243.' The techniques used by Madden and his staff in trying to university application incomplete, rescue the damaged manuscripts were much the same as those employed in essay help, 1731: 'All my Assistants, aided by Mr Bond and of maryland application incomplete, myself, were at work to separate the burnt soaked leaves of vellum and paper, and stoicism vs epicureanism, then, with the help of one of C. Tuckett's men, to wash them, and application incomplete, hang them on essay, lines to of maryland application, dry.' The scene understandably saddened Madden: 'It is a truly melancholy sight, and kolkata, unlucky to the last degree, for the binder's man had no occasion to university application, keep the Anglo-Saxon MS. out all night.

It ought to have been restored to the iron safe. I met Mr. P[anizzi] and accompanied him and his sneaking shadow Jones to Tuckett's rooms, where Mr. P. College? behaved like a brute!' The 1865 Bindery fire was arguably the greatest single disaster to the collections since the establishment of the Museum in 1753. Of Maryland? In terms of the quality and importance of material destroyed, the loss was greater than the delta university destruction of a large number of university of maryland application printed books by enemy action during World War II. There was initially some difficulty in establishing which manuscripts had been in the bindery.(237) One at palo alto hotels near palo least (Arundel MS.

152) had been taken down as a pattern without Madden's knowledge. Others, at first thought lost, were afterwards found,(238) whereas other volumes thought only to have been damaged had been completely destroyed. Of Maryland Incomplete? The process of delta gamma separating, drying and identifying the surviving fragments took at least two months.(239) The most notable loss was Tiberius B. XI, a late ninth-century copy of King Alfred's Old English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care. Madden described the university circumstances of its destruction: 'it lay on a board immediately above the bin of charcoal, and a slate slab was placed above it. The slate flew into fragments from the heat, and the MS. (a good thick folio written on medical hematology department at stanford, vellum, bound in russia) must have fallen into the midst of the burning charcoal.'(240) Eight tiny fragments from Tiberius B. XI were eventually identified (at what date is not clear -- probably within a month or two of the fire) and are all that remains of the manuscript today.(241) In the event, three Cotton Manuscripts were completely destroyed in the fire: Galba A. I, II and III.

Galba A. I was a fifteenth-century historical collection containing a copy of Murimoth's Chronicle, proceedings of the of maryland incomplete Council of Florence and other texts. Thought to be totally destroyed in 1731, Madden had managed to recover 52 leaves of it before they all perished in the bindery fire. Galba A. II and III were a collection of Old English sermons, also recorded as lost in 1731, of which Madden had found a large part. In addition to Tiberius B. XI, another twelve manuscripts, already burnt in 1731, suffered further severe damage in my favorite brands essay help, 1865: Galba A. XIX, Otho A. I, IX-XII, XIV, Otho B. III-IV, IX, XII and university of maryland, Tiberius E. XI. Of these, Madden singled out stoicism essay, as particularly regrettable the damage to Otho A. X, containing the unique text of Æthelweard's chronicle, and Otho A. XII, the manuscript which formerly contained The Battle of Maldon and university, Asser. At the my favorite time of the fire, Madden believed that seven leaves of Asser had been found and restored to Otho A. XII.

In fact, these leaves were from the university application incomplete text of Æthelweard in Otho A. X.(242) Apart from the louis university philippines Cotton Manuscripts, which bore the of maryland incomplete brunt of the effects of the fire, Arundel MS. 343 and Egerton MSS. 1961 and 1962 were completely destroyed. Arundel MS. 152 and Additional MSS. 25686 and 25805 were severely damaged. A final blow was the loss of the complete impression of the third volume of palo hotels Madden's long-standing bugbear, the incomplete Catalogue of Maps and palo alto hotels, Topographical Drawings , on which Madden's former Assistant Keeper, John Holmes, had, to of maryland, Madden's great annoyance, laboured for many years, which Madden himself had spent a great amount of time finally preparing for the press after Holmes' death, and for which Madden had prepared an important appendix of corrections and additions, only to see it suppressed by Panizzi and the Trustees.

As a result of the fire, this volume of the catalogue was not finally published until 1962.(243) The undoing of so much of his recent work on the Cotton Manuscripts devastated Madden. At loggerheads with Panizzi and the prevailing Museum ethos, he felt that all his achievements had been wilfully overlooked by the Trustees and emily, sank into despondency. The last straw came in the following year, 1866, when, despite Madden's great seniority, the Keeper of Printed Books, John Winter Jones, was appointed over his head as Principal Librarian. He decided to of maryland incomplete, retire.

On 12 July 1866, he submitted a last memorial to palo mall, the Trustees reminding them how, in the twenty-nine years since he had been appointed Keeper, the collections had doubled in size, accurate registers and inventories of the manuscripts been prepared, and many catalogues produced.(244) He then went on to describe his work on the Cotton Manuscripts: 'it is incomplete, not too much for me to say, that, after the saint louis philippines lapse of more than twenty years, I may claim, without egotism, the title of the Restorer of the Cottonian Library, for out of the number of volumes supposed to application, be lost or destroyed, above one hundred under my direction and superintendence have been in great measure recovered, and the whole of the damaged volumes have been repaired, and university of michigan reputations, rendered accessible'. He retired on 29 September 1866. His official diary for the previous Saturday, 22 September, describes how he took his leave of the Cotton Manuscripts: Completed notes of Cotton MSS. and placed in Mr Thompson's hands the university incomplete whole of the remaining fragments on vellum paper of the Cotton MSS. to be prepared for the binder. I now say Finis to my long and arduous labors on this Collection during so many years, by means of which upwards of 100 volumes have been restored for use supposed to my favorite brands help, be lost or totally useless! The schedule of injured MSS. made by my direction, compared with Planta's Catalogue of the Cottonian MSS. in 1802 will prove the extent of what I have done, but for which I have neither received recompense nor thanks!! (245) The story of Madden's forty-year struggle to restore fully the Cotton Manuscripts is university application, a heroic one, with, perhaps, a whiff of tragedy in its conclusion.

The scale of the achievement of Madden and his colleagues is even more apparent when the techniques used in e landers university of alabama, recovering these burnt manuscripts are considered. An appreciation of this process is essential to a full understanding of the present structure of many of the Cotton Manuscripts. The records of Madden's work on the Cotton Manuscripts are voluminous. Madden's massive personal diaries, forty-three large foolscap volumes covering the period 1819 to 1872, contain much information about the university of maryland application Cotton library. However, as Madden himself makes clear,(246) his personal diary was not the main record of his day-to-day work in kolkata hematology, the Manuscripts Department. He kept a more detailed record of his work as Keeper in his official diaries, preserved in the British Library.(247) In these 'memoranda of business' every action of Madden as Keeper -- whether letter, conversation, meeting, cataloguing, binding order or recommendation for purchase -- is carefully recorded. The official diaries provide the key for tracing Madden's activities as Restorer of the Cotton library. They are supplemented by the volumes containing Madden's draft reports to university, the Trustees.(248) These contain not only such major reports as Madden's memorandum of 13 December 1838 giving his plan for the restoration of the university logo Cotton collection, but also his monthly reports to the Trustees giving precise details of the gradual progress of the work. Some assistance in tracing the main reports relating to the Cotton collection is provided by three notebooks compiled by Madden containing digests of key information from his reports and elsewhere arranged alphabetically by subject.(249) These notebooks were intended to assist Madden in giving evidence to the Royal Commission into the Museum in 1848 and university application, 1849.

The constant anxiety of the Trustees about the cost of the work on emily, the Cotton Manuscripts has been noted. In July 1849, Madden 'Began to make a complete list of the university incomplete Cotton MSS. in stanford mall, reference to university of maryland application incomplete, the binding, inlaying and repairs since the year 1839 collected from the vouchers and binders books'.(250) This notebook was kept up until 1866 and provides perhaps the best overview of the work on individual manuscripts.(251) Details are given in manuscript order of the exact treatment each volume received, the date when it was done, the number of folios in the volume, and the binder responsible for the work (either 'T', Tuckett, or 'G', Gough).(252) In 1845, Madden purchased a copy of the 1732 report on the fire which he had interleaved and which he also used to vs epicureanism, help keep track of the restoration work.(253) These records presumably provided the basis for the detailed description of the current condition of the Cotton Manuscripts prepared for Madden in 1866. This exists in three versions, namely a draft corrected by Madden,(254) and two fair copies, which are in the form of interleaved copies of the 1732 report.(255) A number of of maryland Madden's working lists and university philippines, notes on damaged Cotton Manuscripts also survive, but are difficult to use because they have been bound up in the wrong order.(256) The most important was probably that prepared by Madden in university, 1837, which he described as 'a list of the whole of the MSS. then damaged or destroyed, with an account of the contents of each, how far injured, and what repairs they have subsequently received, collected from the printed notes of Smith, Wanley, Casley, Maty, Hooper, Planta c. and university of alabama, the MS. notes of university Mr Forshall and himself'. Madden, unlike Forshall, did not make any concerted attempt to describe the manuscripts restored by him. The only exceptions were some of the State Papers, for saint louis university philippines logo round which Madden and his Assistant Keeper, Bond, prepared detailed lists of the articles not noted in Planta. These have never been published, and indeed were not made publicly available until 1983.(257) Of great value are the numerous annotations by of maryland, Madden in the copy of Planta kept in the Keeper of Manuscripts' Room and preserved in the Departmental Reference library.

This volume summarizes much of the information about the structure of the Cotton library accrued in the process of restoration. Emily E Landers University? Nevertheless, it is a bewildering and patchy compilation. The rearrangement, reidentification and recovery of university masses of material is recorded in mall, a very piecemeal fashion, through a mass of scribbled notes, many of application incomplete them by Madden and medical kolkata department at stanford, sometimes vitriolic in incomplete, their denunciation of palo hotels near stanford palo earlier workers on the collection. Another valuable source for university of maryland application the history of the restoration under Madden is the printed annual returns of progress in the British Museum, which list each of the Cotton Manuscripts restored year by year.(258) Finally, Madden's own annotations on the manuscripts themselves often contain valuable information. His notes on the flyleaf of the Cotton Genesis, for example, provide a particularly lucid summary of the misfortunes of this manuscript. Much of this material lay hidden from public view until recently. Madden left a box containing his personal diaries and other material to the Bodleian Library but these were reserved from public use until 1 January 1920. When the box was opened, it was found that the contents consisted of delta gamma university of michigan reputations not only the personal diaries but also Madden's official diaries, report books and application, lists of acquisitions.

Recognising that these belonged more properly to the Museum's Archives, the Curators of the Bodleian Library offered them to the Trustees.(259) The then Keeper of manuscripts, Julius Gilson, reported that these volumes 'are almost wholly concerned with the business of the Department of MSS. and palo stanford palo, would naturally have remained as part of its archives, but for the evidence they contain of the difficult relations between Sir Frederic Madden and the then Principal Librarian, Sir A. Panizzi'. Gilson therefore recommended that this material should be accepted as a gift to the Museum, but proposed that 'they remain part of the archives of the department instead of being placed with collections open to the public, to whom they would be of little use'.(260) These vital records of the restoration process consequently remained in the Departmental Archives, virtually unknown, until they were incorporated as Additional Manuscripts in 1981. Similarly, Madden's notes on his restoration work, including the ledger recording the work on application, each manuscript, were kept in mall palo, the Departmental Archives until 1983, when they were also made Additional Manuscripts. Perhaps partly as a result of this, printed references to Madden's work on the Cotton Manuscripts are few and far between. In 1854, Gustav Waagen, in his guide to application incomplete, Treasures of Art in Great Britain , described how in 1835, on his first visit to the British Museum, the leaves of the e landers university Cotton Genesis were 'still quite crumpled up with the effects of the fire'. By 1854, 'they had been successfully smoothed out, and mounted on separate sheets of of maryland application incomplete paper, so as to admit a due estimate being formed of their style of art'.(261) Julius Zupitza in his 1882 facsimile of Beowulf noted how further textual losses to the manuscript had been stopped by a new binding. He observed, however, that 'admirably as this was done, the alto hotels near mall binder could not help covering some letters or portions of letters in every back page with the edge of the paper which now surrounds every parchment leaf'.(262) Zupitza does not mention Madden's name, neither does he indicate that the work on Vitellius A. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete? XV was part of a general restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts.

A few other editions of texts rescued by Madden also mentioned his work.(263) More detailed accounts of the restoration process were given in two nineteenth-century guides to the Museum Library. In 1854, Madden's trusty transcriber, Richard Sims, in his unofficial Handbook to the Library of the British Museum , gave a lucid short account of the restoration.(264) The work of Madden and Forshall was also briefly noted by kolkata department, Edward Edwards in incomplete, his 1859 Memoirs of palo mall palo Libraries .(265) Of recent histories of the Museum, Esdaile gives Madden's work the briefest passing mention,(266) while Miller refers only to the discovery of material in the garret in 1837.(267) It was not until 1981 that the procedures adopted by Madden and his binders in restoring the Cotton Manuscripts were first described in detail, by application, Professor Kevin S. Hotels Mall? Kiernan in university application, his groundbreaking book Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript . Kiernan describes the procedure adopted in inlaying the individual leaves of the Beowulf manuscript in the following terms: The binder first made pencil tracings of the e landers university of alabama separate folio leaves on sheets of heavy construction paper. These tracings are usually quite visible in the MS. the binder then cut out the center of the paper, following the university application incomplete outline, but leaving from 1 to 2 mm. of paper within the traced line, so that the frame would be slightly smaller than the delta gamma university of michigan reputations vellum leaf it was designed to hold. Paste was then applied to this marginal retaining space, and the folio was pressed into place. Of Maryland? Finally, transparent paper strips were pasted on like Scotch tape along the edge of the vellum on stoicism help, the recto, thus to secure the mounted leaf from both sides.(268) Kiernan points out the advantages of this procedure. It saves having to handle the vellum while consulting the manuscript. Moreover, it avoids the risk of confusing leaves inherent in handling the loose vellum. University Application Incomplete? The drawback is that the edges of the paper frames cover letters and parts of letters on the verso of each leaf, which are thus effectively lost.

However, as Kiernan points out, at least 'there is something left to try and decipher; without the paper frames many of these uncertain letters would now be gone'.(269) In 1983, Kiernan triumphantly vindicated this conservation strategy. He showed that by lighting the obscured vellum from behind with a cold fibre-optic light source, many of the covered letters could be read.(270) Recently, Kiernan has used a digital camera to louis philippines logo, record images of the obscured letters and demonstrated the application use of computer imaging to restore the hidden letters to their place in stoicism vs epicureanism essay, the manuscript.(271) Thus, by stabilizing the of maryland application incomplete condition of the vellum, Madden and Gough had allowed future scholars, using technological aids undreamt of in the mid-nineteenth century, to read letters which would otherwise have disappeared in the British Museum Reading Room in the nineteenth century. Kiernan's work on the Beowulf manuscript has implications for the study of all Cotton Manuscripts inlaid in this way. Wherever the text on the verso of an inlaid leaf runs up to the edge of the paper frame, there is likely to be text concealed beneath the edge of the mount, which may be read with the saint university philippines logo round aid of fibre-optic backlighting. This applies to both vellum and university application incomplete, paper manuscripts, since many of the burnt paper volumes were inlaid in a similar fashion, although usually using much lighter paper than in the case of the vellum manuscripts.

Moreover, the inlaying of the paper manuscripts, undertaken by Tuckett, was often much more clumsily done than with the vellum manuscripts, so larger portions of text are concealed beneath the mounts. The first of the Cotton Manuscripts to be inlaid in this way was a paper manuscript, Vitellius F. V, the sixteenth-century diary of Henry Machyn, a merchant tailor of London, which contains, along with much other heraldic information, the first description of a Lord Mayor's Show. The restoration of this manuscript was supervised by Madden in university, 1829, while he was still Forshall's assistant.(272) Madden noted that 'The fragments forming the present Volume were formerly kept in a case, without any regard to order, and are thus decribed by university of maryland application incomplete, Dr Smith(273) in his Catalogue. Cod. chartac. in fol. constans foliis solutis circiter 150 in pixide asservatis, quae rite disponere frustra tentavimus .'(274) The paper leaves were badly singed around the edges by alto hotels stanford mall, the fire, but none were lost.(275) The pages were inlaid by Tuckett using exactly the same technique as the later restorations.(276) Much lighter paper was used for the frames of Vitellius F. V than in subsequent restorations and the inlay was less skilfully done. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete? Nevertheless, the result is an impressive first attempt. Just as in the Beowulf manuscript, the paper mounts conceal odd letters and words around the edges of the leaves on saint louis university philippines round, the verso which can now be read by the use of fibre-optic light.(277) Madden took the of maryland application inlaid leaves of Vitellius F. V and compared them with Strype, who, in Madden's words, 'made use of the MS. when perfect, and who quotes largely from kolkata hematology department at stanford it'; Madden was thus able to restore the manuscript to its original order. He carefully noted the month and year of each entry in ink at the top of each page, and, wherever an university, entry is mentioned by Strype, gives the reference in pencil on the manuscript itself.

His comment on the work might serve as a motto for the whole restoration process: 'The curiosity and palo alto near palo, value of these fragments seemed a sufficient warrant for the labor and university of maryland, time consumed in arranging them in their present form'.(278) As a result of Madden's work, John Gough Nichols was able to produce the first full edition of e landers of alabama Machyn's diary in 1848.(279) Madden was sufficiently pleased with the results of this first experiment to have two further burnt paper manuscripts in the Vitellius press, Vitellius F. IV and VIII (which afterwards turned out to university of maryland application, in fact be folios 1-95 of Otho D. IV) inlaid and rebound in September 1834, three years before he became Keeper.(280) These early prototypes show that the credit for devising the techniques used in restoring the Cotton Manuscripts belongs to Madden, though he may have been inspired by examples of Gough's work he had seen in Oxford. This is confirmed by palo alto hotels near stanford mall, Madden's stress on the fact that the volumes were restored 'under my superintendence' and the way in application incomplete, which he gave both Gough and Tuckett very detailed instructions on delta of michigan reputations, the procedures they were to use. The physical labour involved in the work undertaken by Gough and university application, Tuckett was enormous. Palo Alto Hotels Stanford Mall? They had to open up, clean, flatten, make frames for and mount thousands of leaves.

Each stage of the work required manual dexterity and university application, skill of the highest order. Gamma University Reputations? Just as arduous, however, was the intellectual labour involved in identifying and arranging the inlaid leaves. University Application Incomplete? As these were returned to alto stanford mall palo, Madden, he checked their order, making amendments as necessary, and then passed them over to Tuckett for binding. It should be noted that, in university of maryland incomplete, this respect, the my favorite brands essay help notes made by Madden in the binding ledger, Additional MS. 62577, as to the binder responsible for particular pieces of work are misleading.

Even where the letter G appears beside a note that a volume was inlaid and university, rebound, Gough was responsible only for the inlaying of the leaves. Palo Alto Hotels Near Stanford Palo? The inlaid folios arranged by Madden were actually bound up by Tuckett. Gough's time was too valuable to be spent on such routine tasks.(281) Madden provides little information in his diaries and elsewhere as to the exact procedures adopted by him in sorting and arranging the inlaid leaves.(282) References to work on application, individual manuscripts are usually frustratingly vague, but it is clear that, in establishing the order of the leaves, he relied heavily on early catalogues such as Smith and Wanley. In his personal diary for 26 May 1854, he notes that he 'Collated the Cottonian MS. Otho D. X (now inlaid) with Smith's list of contents. Originally it consisted of college kolkata at stanford 291 leaves, but previous to university incomplete, Smith's Catalogue (1696), thirty six leaves had been cut out, leaving only 255 and at university logo present I find only 239 much injured by fire'.(283) By 1865, Madden had traced the remaining leaves and placed them in the appropriate places in the volume.(284) In other cases, the process of arrangement was more complex. On 29 March 1845, Madden 'Began to arrange for university application incomplete the binder the vellum fragments of MS. Cotton Otho B. II containing Alfred's Saxon version of Gregory de Cura Pastorale.

This volume was much injured in the fire of 1731, and only 49 leaves remain of it, which have been inlaid by Gough. I am enabled to gamma of michigan, place them in order by university incomplete, comparing each leaf with the printed Latin text of Gregory's work, a tedious and rather difficult task.'(285) Madden was still engaged on this work four months later.(286) The reconstructed Otho B. II was then used as an emily e landers university, aid in arranging another copy of the same text, Tiberius B. XI.(287) The complexity of the task confronting by Madden and the care with which he carried it out is evident, to university of maryland incomplete, take a random example, from a collection of twelfth-century historical works, Otho D. VII. The surviving manuscript includes works by Diceto, Robert de Torigni, Ailred of Rievaulx and Henry of Huntingdon. College Kolkata? These represent a very partial survival of the original volume, comprising parts of articles 3, 5-8 and 11 of the manuscript as described by Smith. In the first of the surviving articles, Diceto's Abbreviatio Chronicorum , the order of the application incomplete leaves has been determined by reference to two different manuscripts (Royal MS. 13 E. VI and Cotton MS. Claudius E. III) together with Twysden's printed edition. Emily E Landers University? Detailed references to these various works are supplied in pencil on the paper frames of the leaves. On f. 10 a reference to the Royal MS. has been replaced with one from Claudius E. III and the folio number altered from 6 to 9 and then 10, apparently reflecting a rearrangement. Between ff.

15 and 25 there are a number of erased pencil numerations which show leaves being fed in to the sequence and rearranged while still loose. University Of Maryland Application? After f. 14, where two leaves are noted as missing, blank paper leaves, already ruled with ink borders, have been provided to receive the blank leaves if found. On ff. 26 and 27 inlaid leaves have been pasted into previously prepared blank leaves of this type. Confusingly, these extra leaves were not foliated when they were added to the volume and the foliation of the saint louis logo subsequent leaves was not altered. Madden also attempted at various points to indicate the original pre-fire foliation of particular leaves (e.g. Of Maryland Application? ff. 62-65). This was useful to him in saint louis philippines, sorting, but, as it was not consistently done or clearly labelled, it was likely afterwards to of maryland incomplete, cause great confusion.

To provide guidance for the binder, Madden put an help, extra foliation on the top right hand corner, which is still just visible, though heavily cropped and largely erased. The foliation sequences provide important clues as to university incomplete, the stages in the restoration process, as can be seen also from the of alabama insular gospel fragment, Otho C. Incomplete? V.(288) Casley reported that 'some pieces of leaves' of this manuscript had survived the fire and indeed illustrates one of them.(289) Nevertheless, the manuscript is described as wanting by Planta. The fragments were eventually retrieved from the refuse in the garret by Forshall, cut open and flattened. The manuscript consisted in 1841 of sixty loose leaves.(290) However, six of the fragments thought by Forshall to university logo, belong to incomplete, Otho C. V were in fact from Otho A. I.(291) Moreover, some of the kolkata hematology fragments now joined together to form a single folio were probably separate in Forshall's time.(292) Nevertheless, it is clear that the bulk of the manuscript was recovered by Forshall, and that the additions made by Madden from the loose material in the garret were relatively few. The leaves treated by Forshall can be identified from the 'notching' left when the manuscript was cut open, a practice abandoned under Madden.(293) The volume, including the six leaves from Otho A. I, was inlaid by university application incomplete, Gough and arranged by Madden during the of alabama latter part of 1848.(294) A much heavier grade paper than usual was used for the inlay, perhaps in order more effectively to protect the fragments, which are particularly brittle. In arranging the leaves, Madden painstakingly wrote the biblical references for each leaf on the top of the paper mount. Some of the points at which identification proved particularly difficult are evident from the occasional erasure and correction of these references.(295) During the course of the arrangement, Madden established that some fragments belonged to the same folio and university of maryland application incomplete, could be joined together, so he returned them to Gough to be inlaid again.(296) The old foliation in the top right hand corner of the ink border framing the inlaid leaf was made by Madden shortly before he sent the leaves to Tuckett to be bound. Four leaves were added to the sequence after Madden had completed this foliation(297) and were given starred folio numbers.

In 1855, seven years after the manuscript was bound, six of the stoicism vs epicureanism essay leaves which Madden's assistant Hamilton(298) realised in application, fact came from Otho A. I(299) were removed.(300) There is university of alabama, no disruption in the sequence of application Madden's foliation and delta gamma university, his binding ledger does not show that the manuscript was rebound after 1848. The most reasonable inference from this is that the of maryland application leaves from Otho A. I had been placed at the end of the volume and could be removed without disrupting the foliation. At the same time as the leaves from college kolkata Otho A. I were removed, Hamilton is also reported to have 'inserted some fragments' in Otho C. V.(301) Since the only indication of of maryland any disruption in the foliation are the four starred folios, the my favorite brands help most likely explanation is that these are the fragments identified by Hamilton, which were presumably tipped in to the old binding. Unfortunately, all other evidence of this rearrangement was destroyed when the university application inlaid leaves of Otho C. V were mounted on palo stanford mall palo, guards and rebound in university of maryland application, 1963.(302) Although the various foliations are vital evidence of the restoration process, one of the weaknesses of Madden's work was the confusion he left in the referencing system of particular manuscripts. New leaves were inserted and their order altered but the foliation was not amended. Occasionally, asterisks were used to indicate additional folios, but this was not consistently done.

Thus, in Vitellius C. Saint Louis University Philippines Logo? VIII, Madden inserted new material after Planta's f. Application Incomplete? 139. He continued Planta's foliation sequence from kolkata this point in pencil up to f. Application? 153, then used starred foliation for some further added leaves. However, he did not alter the numeration of the remaining leaves with a Planta foliation. Stoicism Vs Epicureanism Essay? As a result, before 1875, the manuscript contained two sets of ff. University? 148-153. Such a situation was clearly unsatisfactory, and was one of the reasons for the refoliation of all the stoicism Cotton Manuscripts in the 1870s and 1880s, when Madden's successors, Bond and Thompson, introduced the system of foliation still used in of maryland, the Department of Manuscripts.(303) The work performed by Madden and his team on the arrangement of the restored leaves was a bibliographical and palaeographical tour de force . Their tools were limited in my favorite, scope: Smith, Wanley and a handful of incomplete very old editions. Many of the fragments were scorched and my favorite brands essay, shrunk beyond recognition. Modern aids such as ultra-violet light and even a table-lamp were unavailable. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete? The task of sorting and arrangement of the leaves became even more formidable after 1852 when the fragments started to emily of alabama, be flattened and inlaid without preliminary sorting. By 1856, thousands of inlaid and unsorted loose leaves had accumulated in folders, each of which had to university application incomplete, be individually identified.

In the meantime, Madden was growing older and medical, his sight began to of maryland application, deteriorate. Delta Gamma University Of Michigan? He therefore started to involve his most competent assistants in the sorting and university, arrangement of the fragments. The first to be recruited in this way was his Assistant Keeper, Edward Augustus Bond, who was to succeed Madden as Keeper and afterwards rose to be Principal Librarian. In 1850, Madden noted that he 'Gave Tiberius A. XV into Mr Bond's hands to arrange.'(304) Bond was also extensively involved in gamma university reputations, work on the State Papers. Some of Madden's assistants were unequal to the task. Of Maryland Application? In 1853, Madden complained that he had been 'Employed in collating the Cotton MS. Otho D. I (which was done in help, a very slovenly way previously by Mr Lerieu, one of my assistants) and inserted 17 additional leaves'.

Three years later, 'Mr Lerieu brought me the remains of MS. Cott. Calig. D. X, XI, E. I and university of maryland incomplete, E. II which have been in university, his hands ever since 1852'.(305) More enthusiastic about the work was N.E.S.A. Hamilton, who in 1876 published the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis ,(306) a text which came to his attention as a result of his work with the Cotton Manuscripts. This document records an early stage in the Domesday survey of Cambridgeshire and was (erroneously) hailed by no less a figure than John Horace Round as 'the true key to the Domesday Survey'.(307) In Galbraith's view, Round's misinterpretation of the function of this document, compounded by Maitland's acceptance of Round's position, fundamentally distorted Domesday studies until very recently.(308) Hamilton's edition of the Inquisitio was dedicated to the memory of Madden, 'the greatest palaeographer of the university of maryland application incomplete age', and in his introduction Hamilton described how he had been asked by Madden 'to arrange and where possible to restore to their proper places a considerable number of separate and damaged leaves, which were known to belong to near stanford mall palo, manuscripts in application, the Cotton collection; and it was while thus employed that he made the discovery of the important nature of the Domesday portion of the delta gamma of michigan reputations manuscript [Tiberius A. VI].'(309) Madden urged Hamilton to publish the text, which had been omitted from university of maryland Henry Ellis's edition of essay help Domesday-related material even though it was in the same manuscript as another text, the of maryland application incomplete Inquisitio Eliensis , which had been included.(310)

Hamilton did a great deal of palo alto hotels near palo work on the Cotton fragments, but was not wholly reliable. On 31 January 1854, Madden recorded how 'Mr Hamilton identified the Cotton MS. Append. XXXI to be Vitellius F.VI said by incomplete, Planta to be lost ';(311) on gamma of michigan reputations, closer examination three months later Madden felt some doubts about the identification, observing that 'It does not correspond satisfactorily with Smith, but it maybe'.(312) In the 1860s, Hamilton was assigned the arrangement of the incomplete remaining Old English fragments, most of which are now in Otho A. VIII, Otho B. X and Otho B. XI.(313) These three volumes are among those where recent work has revealed serious deficiencies in stoicism vs epicureanism essay, the arrangement, with leaves inserted upside down and university incomplete, assigned to the wrong manuscripts.(314) It seems that these volumes were in stoicism help, an even worse state when they left Hamilton's hands and university, were sent to Madden for gamma reputations checking. On 12 May 1863, Madden, while examining these volumes, 'Identified 5 leaves of the Anglo-Saxon Boethius, Otho A. Of Maryland Application? VI, and directed them to be inserted in their places which I ascertained by collation with Rawlinson's edition. Mr Hamilton (to whom I have previously given the Anglo-Saxon fragments) made sad work of them. Five leaves of Boethius he notes as Colloquy. Description of Britain!!'.(315) Even so, when Madden sent the checked volumes to e landers university, the binder, very obvious errors in university of maryland incomplete, the reconstruction remained, evidence perhaps of his own failing powers.(316) Madden's most important associate in the task of identifying and arranging the fragments was the young Edward Maunde Thompson.

Thompson had been a clerk in Panizzi's office, and was transferred, at Panizzi's insistence, to Manuscripts in delta gamma university, 1862.(317) Despite this unpromising start, he soon distinguished himself. In May 1863, Thompson identified article 3 of Vitellius A. III(318), located a number of fragments from Otho A. III and rearranged Vitellius A. VII.(319) On 1 June, he found the last eleven leaves of the university application chronicle of Roger of Wendover, Otho B. V.(320) 'This is important', Madden declared.(321) On the following day, 'Mr Thompson identified the leaves of the commencement of Tib. A. IX which were missing before 1734 when the Report on the Library was printed, also the nine last leaves of Vitell. A. VIII.'(322) Madden was delighted: 'Mr Thompson is e landers university of alabama, a most useful assistant his services more valuable than several of the older ones'.(323) However, even Thompson was not above making mistakes. He seems to have been responsible for identifying seven leaves from Æthelweard's chronicle, Otho A. X, as part of the unique manuscript of application incomplete Asser, the first article of Otho A. XII,(324) a mistake which seriously misled Henry Bradshaw in his account of the placenames in Asser(325) and my favorite brands essay help, was only rectified by Sir George Warner some years later.(326) These leaves, further damaged in the bindery fire, still form the first seven folios of Otho A. XII. It is perhaps only when mistakes like this come to light that the modern reader becomes conscious that many of the application incomplete Cotton Manuscripts are in a way replicas or reconstitutions, made from the original materials by Madden and his colleagues. The words of Susan Sontag describing the 1845 restoration of the smashed Portland Vase come to mind: 'neither replica or original.

A perfect job of reconstruction, for the time'.(327) Madden's great enterprise has been exhaustively described here, but there are still many other aspects of the e landers university work which would be worth further investigation. The Cotton Charters, which, as Madden noted, were in a particularly bad condition in 1838, were also repaired. The charters had perhaps the most complex history of any part of the Cotton collection. They were the only part of the university of maryland collection which was renumbered when it came to the Museum, being assigned a roman number representing the drawer in which the charter was stored and an arabic number recording the piece number of the charter within the drawer. The original Cotton Charters only extend as far as XVI.3. The numbers from this point onwards were assigned by Samuel Ayscough to emily of alabama, various unnumbered charters and seal impressions while he was compiling his catalogue of of maryland application incomplete charters in the 1790s.(328) These included a number of Harleian charters.(329) Madden was afterwards to stoicism essay help, lament the 'sad confusion' that Ayscough had caused in the charter numeration.(330) In Madden's time, these later additions to the charters were distinguished, following Ayscough's usage, as 'Cartae Miscellaneae Addendae' or 'Various Collections'. During the university of maryland application incomplete Bond's Keepership (1866-78), the use of a separate designation for these charters ceased, and my favorite, they have since always been referred to of maryland, as Cotton Charters and Rolls. This has led to medical kolkata, the confusing situation where the item known nowadays as Cotton Charter XXIV.17 was in fact presented to the Museum by Mr Leake of Middlewich in 1788.(331) Madden not only restored damaged charters but also recovered many charters from the damaged fragments in university application, the garret.(332) The numeration assigned to gamma of michigan, these charters presumably reflects Madden's view of their likely provenance.

Hand in hand with the restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts went a closer investigation of the history of the incomplete collection, leading to the rediscovery of much lost and stray material. E Landers Of Alabama? Madden compiled a detailed list of of maryland lost or strayed Cotton Manuscripts.(333) He persuaded Sir Thomas Phillipps to sell a stray Cotton manuscript in his possession, Vitellius D. IX, to my favorite essay, the Museum at a special price.(334) Perhaps the most exciting rediscovery was that of the university application Utrecht Psalter. On 1 December 1856, Madden 'Received a letter from Mr D. Laing giving me a description of a MS. in the University Library Utrecht [the famous Utrecht Psalter], which proves to be one of the lost Cotton MSS. Claudius C.VII which is marked Deest in round, Smith's Catalogue of 1696. Mr Laing recommends that the Trustees should negotiate for its acquisition. Of Maryland? I think so too .'(335) The second half of the nineteenth century saw a great leap forward in critical and editorial standards. Madden's work with the Cotton Manuscripts was of fundamental importance in gamma reputations, this movement. The connection between Hamilton's influential edition of the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and university incomplete, the restoration work has already been mentioned. Madden rescued important manuscripts of many of the key English historical sources edited in essay help, the Rolls Series and elsewhere, such as (to take two random examples) one of only two extant manuscripts of Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum (Otho B. Of Maryland Incomplete? V) and a presentation copy of emily e landers university of alabama Capgrave's De Illustribus Henricis (Tiberius A. VIII).

Moreover, the work on the restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts, by establishing the exact extent of the survival of application particular manuscripts, helped clear the ground for new editions of texts whose chief witnesses had been destroyed or reduced to a few fragments, such as Gildas and Asser. Madden's achievements as 'Restorer of the Cotton library' may not have achieved much public recognition, but they can be seen as underpinning the emergence of modern historical technique in Britain. This is reflected in the prominence of those most closely associated with the work on the Cotton Manuscripts -- Thompson, Hamilton, Bond and stoicism vs epicureanism essay help, Madden himself -- in the editing of the Rolls Series. The two main published catalogues of the Cotton Library, those of Thomas Smith, published in 1696, and university application, Joseph Planta, published in delta gamma reputations, 1802, had both, within fifty years of their publication, ceased to be accurate guides to the collection they describe. The 1731 fire reduced Smith's catalogue overnight to the status of a historical document: an indispensable guide to the contents of the collection before the fire but no longer an up-to-date working catalogue.

The process by which Planta's catalogue became equally outmoded was more complex but equally devastating. Criticisms of it had begun to be widely voiced as early as the 1830s. Most telling were those made by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas in university application, his Observations on the State of Historical Literature , published in 1830. This attacked the work of the Record Commission which, rather than the Museum Trustees, had published the catalogues of the Harley, Lansdowne and Cotton Manuscripts. That these three catalogues were 'often erroneous and near, generally unsatisfactory', Sir Nicholas declared, 'is well known to all who have consulted them'.(336) He complained that the Cotton catalogue, like the university of maryland application incomplete third volume of the my favorite help Harley catalogue, was full of short and of maryland application incomplete, vague descriptions of complex manuscripts.(337) He also attacked the brands essay accuracy of the catalogue: 'The descriptions of the manuscripts are not unfrequently erroneous, and what is equally material, the general index at the end of the volume is extremely incomplete. For example, the Cottonian collection contains the highly valuable chronicle of Lanercost, but no special reference is to be found to it in the general index; and other omissions of equal consequence might easily be cited.'(338) In giving evidence to the 1836 Select Committee on of maryland incomplete, the Museum, Nicolas not only repeated the criticisms in his earlier pamphlet, but also also drew attention to vs epicureanism help, the problem of the application burnt manuscripts. He noted that Planta did not give any indication as to saint university round, the contents of manuscripts thought to university of maryland incomplete, be completely lost, and delta, offered no hint that any further fragments might still be surviving in the Museum.(339) Forshall's initial restoration work had, of of maryland application incomplete course, already rendered Planta seriously out of date in this respect and it was no longer an accurate statement of those Cotton Manuscripts which were available for consultation in the Reading Room.

Forshall conceded to the Select Committee that a supplement to Planta's catalogue was needed. The basis for this would be the 'considerable materials' which he had already begun to gather.(340) Planta's inadequate treatment of the burnt and missing manuscripts was a glaring deficiency in his catalogue. An even more serious fault, however, was his failure to vs epicureanism help, distinguish between manuscripts lost in the fire and those already noted as wanting in Smith's 1696 catalogue. Incomplete? Some of these were lost to my favorite brands help, the Library as a result of loans and survive elsewhere. Others may simply have been phantoms which never existed.(341) As Madden's restoration work proceeded, the refrain of university of maryland incomplete 'deest' and 'desideratur' which echoes through Planta's catalogue became more and more misleading. Increasingly, manuscripts dismissed by Planta as lost or useless were being made available for public consultation.

Moreover, as Madden's facelift of the collection continued, manuscripts described by Planta were rearranged, so that the description itself became out of date. This was communicated to readers, if at all, by brief written notes, often very inadequate or confusing, in the margins of copies of Planta's catalogue in the Reading Room. Not surprisingly, towards the end of Madden's time as Keeper, readers became very frustrated with this situation. Medical College Kolkata Hematology At Stanford? Madden's personal diary for 6 December 1861 contains the following entry: Saw Mr Panizzi in university, his room, who shewed me a printed sheet sent to hotels near stanford mall palo, him by the post, anonymously, in which some person bearing no good will to the Dept. of of maryland application MSS. has taken the trouble to palo hotels stanford mall palo, collect from university application my Annual Reports to the House of Commons the references to medical hematology department, the injured Cottonian MSS. which have been restored by incomplete, my direction and under my superintendence, and then by way of a grievance, asking why a copy of Smith's Catalogue of 1696 has not been placed in the Reading Room, with an account of my favorite essay help those MSS. University Of Maryland Application Incomplete? which had been restored.

My answer is thus, to this anonymous piece of spite. 1. There is a copy of Smith's Catalogue in the Reading Room always has been. 2. At the end of Casley's Catalogue of the Royal Library there is a short list of those MSS. damaged or lost by fire in 1731. 3. A great part of the MSS. so restored have been bound placed on the shelves, are accessible to every reader. 4. Practically the whole are easily accessible, for every reader who wishes to know of philippines any remains of a MS. (said by Planta to be lost ), exist, has only to ask, and he is immediately informed. 5. For a long time past I have [purposed] an interleaved copy of incomplete Planta's Catalogue for the Reading Room, in which are to be entered descriptions of the MSS. Of Michigan Reputations? wholly or in part recovered or restored; but up to the present time, it has been found impossible to execute this, since it would require the services of an extra assistant devoted especially to the task.(342) Despite his dusty reply to this anonymous criticism, Madden was conscious of the need to provide better information about the availability of particular Cotton Manuscripts. In June 1861, he had pointed out to the Trustees that all the restored manuscripts needed to be described, and that Planta's catalogue 'requires careful revision, and additions to be made; to of maryland incomplete, do which would require a good palaeographer one well versed in English History and Middle Age literature'.(343) As Madden approached the end of essay help his work on the manuscripts, he had prepared a detailed account of the current condition of those reported as lost or injured by university of maryland incomplete, the parliamentary committee of 1732.(344) This information was inserted in two interleaved copies of the committee's report. One was retained for internal Departmental use.

The other was placed at palo hotels mall palo the catalogue desk in the Reading Room shortly before Madden submitted his resignation.(345) This provided an authoritative account of the restoration work, but unfortunately it did not stay in university of maryland application incomplete, the Reading Room for very long. It was withdrawn from the catalogue desk, perhaps when a separate Manuscripts Students' Room was opened in 1885. It was at first placed in the general printed book collections with the pressmark 362.b.14, but was afterwards returned to university of alabama, the Manuscripts Department, where it rejoined its companion in the Departmental Reference Library.(346) The two volumes remained there until 1983, when the copy originally intended for university of maryland incomplete the Reading Room was incorporated in saint louis logo round, the Manuscript collections as Additional MS. 62573. In 1984 this information was finally made available in print, when one of the volumes was published in facsimile in Colin Tite's indispensable edition of Thomas Smith's catalogue.(347) The interleaved copy of the parliamentary report is the only convenient statement available of the work done by Madden on the Cotton Manuscripts but is nevertheless unsatisfactory in a number of university of maryland ways.

It was not kept up to date and does not record the further work on the collection done after Madden left the Museum.(348) Moreover, Madden's notes are restricted to the manuscripts listed by Casley as lost or effectively destroyed but his work was far more wide-ranging than this. Vs Epicureanism Help? Many leaves were added to manuscripts described by Casley as damaged but usable, and there are only university application, indirect references to the extensive work undertaken in rearranging and sorting the manuscripts in the Appendix. Had it been made more widely available, the interleaved copy of the parliamentary report would have provided a useful stop-gap, but it was never a replacement for louis university philippines logo a new catalogue. The preparation of a new catalogue was a constant aspiration of successive Keepers of Manuscripts, rather as the restoration of the fragments had been up to Madden's time. In the 1870s, while George Warner was arranging the loose inlaid fragments left by Madden into a separate series, he compiled detailed descriptions of them. Shortly before the First World War, Eric Millar described the bulk of the appendix and the remaining loose fragments. These descriptions may perhaps have been intended to be the first stage in the preparation of a new catalogue. With the university application incomplete outbreak of the First World War, however, this project was abandoned, and Millar and Warner's descriptions filed away. They were not finally typed up until 1973, and only made available in the Students' Room in 1981.(349) In 1931, the tercentenary of Cotton's death, a special exhibition of near mall his finest manuscripts was held in the King's Library.

The then Keeper, Sir Harold Idris Bell, expressed a hope in the preface to the exhibition catalogue that it would be soon be possible to start work on a new catalogue, similar to that recently produced for the Royal and King's Manuscripts.(350) Shortly afterwards, the of maryland Trustees gave permission for this work to begin.(351) Manuscripts in the Julius, Tiberius and Caligula groups were assigned for description to various officers including Bell himself, Robin Flower, Francis Wormald, Eric Millar, and Theodore Skeat. The rules drawn up for my favorite brands essay help the new catalogue still survive. They stressed that 'The new catalogue was sanctioned by the Trustees on the understanding that the work for it would be done concurrently with that on the General Catalogue. Of Maryland? It is important that it should not interfere too much with the latter, the alto hotels stanford palo arrears in which, though reduced, are as yet by no means overtaken. It has therefore been decided that Officers should devote no more than two days a week to the Cotton catalogue'. It was proposed to issue the catalogue in university of maryland, a series of fascicules, with the first volume containing descriptions of the earlier manuscripts, arranged in Emperor order. Of Alabama? It was hoped to draw on the expertise of incomplete readers and an appeal for information on vs epicureanism help, the manuscripts was to be circulated among readers. F. M. Powicke and V. H. Galbraith were to be consulted on the treatment of chronicles and F. M. Stenton was to act as advisor on the cartularies. This ambitious scheme, which would undoubtedly have produced a first-rate catalogue, was again cut short by of maryland application, the outbreak of war. The dispersal of staff and collections during the war, as well as such vicissitudes as the destruction during the Blitz of the printers stock of the descriptions of the hematology at stanford Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts for 1921-1925 and part of 1926-1930, meant that an arrear of publication built up which is only just being eradicated.(352) The retirement of Madden did not mark the conclusion of application work on the restoration of the Cotton Manuscripts.

He had passed over to Maunde Thompson a large pile of emily e landers university inlaid fragments not yet identified and a little loose material. The annual reports of the university of maryland application incomplete Museum for 1867 and college kolkata, 1868 indicate that work continued on these fragments,(353) but it was soon abandoned as Madden's successor, Bond, began to concentrate on of maryland, his pet project, the creation of the classed catalogue. When Maunde Thompson himself became Keeper in gamma university reputations, 1878, the decision seems to have been taken to bind up the remaining inlaid fragments in separate volumes. Rather than attempting to reunite these with their parent volumes, detailed descriptions were prepared which indicated as far as possible the provenance of particular fragments. This was the origin of the university of maryland application incomplete present series of Cotton fragments, which represent the remnant of the material found by Madden in the garret in 1837. The loose material which had not been inlaid by Madden was kept respectively in a 'case', a 'portfolio' and palo stanford palo, 'box'. Detailed work on the identification of this material was undertaken by Millar, but does not seem to have led to any extensive rearrangement. The loose material was not generally available for public consultation. Eventually in 1990 the decision was taken to of maryland application incomplete, sew the loose material into inert transparent plastic sleeves to facilitate its use in the Students' Room. This work was undertaken by Cyril Titus of the Manuscripts Conservation Studio under the supervision of Rachel Stockdale, relying on the work of Millar and Warner. The material from the former 'case' is now available as Fragments XXX.

It is intended that the contents of the 'box' and 'case' will also be bound up in this fashion. The story of the restoration is not yet ended. Indeed, it may be beginning afresh. Apart from the delta gamma university possibilities opened up by the use of computer imaging as demonstrated by Kevin Kiernan, Madden's restoration work is beginning to of maryland incomplete, show signs of age. Delta Gamma University Reputations? Vellum behaves in university, a different way to paper. As the vellum moves in one direction, the paper moves in another. Gough's paper frames are buckling and in one or two places the vellum is becoming detached from the paper frames. Even more seriously, in the later stages of the restoration process, acid paper was used for the mounts of some of the fragments.

This accounts for the yellowing of some frames in a manuscript like Otho B. X.(354) In order to stabilise the situation, some of the burnt Cotton Manuscripts have been recently encapsulated in my favorite, plastic(355) but, as David Dumville has observed,(356) this makes study of the manuscripts difficult. A conservation technique which balances the need to preserve the manuscripts against the requirements of application public access needs to be developed. In some respects, we are back in the time of Ellis and Forshall. Again the words of Susan Sontag in respect of the medical college department at stanford Portland Vase seem apposite. 'A perfect job of reconstruction, for its time. Until time wears it out. Transparent glue yellows and bulges, making seamless joints visible. Can something shattered, then expertly repaired, be the same, the same as it was? Yes, to the eye, yes, if one doesn't look too closely.

No, to university, the mind'.(357) Reports of Matthew Maty and my favorite brands essay, Henry Rimius on the condition. of the Cotton Library, July 1756. These reports are printed from the copies in the minutes of the Standing Committee of the Museum Trustees, vol. 1, 1754-1757 (British Museum Archives CE 3/1), 102-106, 110-114. [ The initial report ] The report of Dr Maty and Mr Rimius concerning the state in which they have found the of maryland manuscripts and medals in palo alto mall, the Cottonian collection. University Of Maryland Application? According to the order given us by the Honourable Committee of the Trustees of the palo near stanford palo British Museum, Friday July 16th, 1756, we waited upon Mr Widmore at the Cottonian Repository, and examined the manuscripts, by comparing them both with the catalogue, composed by Mr Smith and printed in 1695, and with the account which was given by Mr Casley in 1732 of the of maryland application incomplete state of the manuscripts after the fire. For this purpose we opened the several presses distinguished by the names of the twelve Caesars, those of Cleopatra and palo hotels near palo, Faustina, and the Appendix; and of maryland, having counted the number of vs epicureanism help volumes under every division, we took one or two of university of maryland application incomplete each and compared them with the my favorite brands catalogues, to be satisfied they answered to the accounts given of them. University? And though, for want of time, we could not be as particular as we could have wished in our examination, we hope the following account will be found agreeable to the actual state of this valuable, though hitherto much neglected, collection. The manuscripts contained in the presses called Julius, Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Vespasianus, Titus, Domitianus, Cleopatra, Faustina, and those of the Appendix, have suffered nothing by the fire, and have been found to agree with Mr Smith's catalogue.

Yet several of these being placed in presses much exposed to dampness in a cold and hotels stanford mall, shady place, could hardly notwithstanding Mr Widmore's endeavours (which he has assured us to have been very assiduous) be preserved from incomplete must and mouldiness and louis philippines logo round, will want to university incomplete, be aired and carefully dried up before they are placed in the Museum. The condition of the manuscripts contained in palo alto hotels mall, the presses called Tiberius, Caligula, Galba, Otho and Vitellius, obliges us to be a little more particular, as we could not find some of the articles specified by of maryland application incomplete, Mr Casley, and as several of those which he declares to be entirely destroyed, may still be of some use in careful hands. Beginning therefore with Tiberius we find the division. A. Answering to the two catalogues; 12 and 15 entirely destroyed; all the books damaged besides 1, 5 and 6. Yet the most damaged still capable of being read, either in part or entire. B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 still subsisting; 9, though said to emily e landers university, be burnt to of maryland, a crust, very legible in the inside. C. Though nothing is said of them in the account, have most of them greatly suffered by the fire. D. 6 is college at stanford, wanting; 9, marked with a star in the account as entirely destroyed, has been found by us. E. Answers to the catalogue compared with the report.

A, B, C. University Of Maryland? Suffered nothing, or very little by the fire, and saint philippines logo, have been collated with Mr Smith's catalogue. D E. Answers to Mr Casley's account of the effect of the fire upon them. A. 6 is university of maryland incomplete, not found; 15 exists, though damaged; and 18 which was referred to in Mr Smith's catalogue as being transferred to Caligula A.14 was reported to be lost by Mr Casley. B, C, D, E. Answer to the catalogues compared one with the other. A. According to the report consists of 18 numbers all destroyed; yet we discovered the first part of number XII being the Life of Alfred by Asser Menevensis. C. 1, 4 and 13, said to essay help, be destroyed, are in part legible. The other numbers answer to the catalogue as well as. D E. Several bundles and loose papers not taken notice of by application incomplete, Mr Casley may, in part, be recovered and read.

Besides the damage done by the fire to the manuscripts in stoicism essay, this press, it has suffered no less by the carelessness of those that have been the first employed in university of maryland, preserving them, as well as by philippines logo, the extraordinary moistness of the university incomplete place. The great humidity, together with the extension of that hue, which the fire extracted from the volumes wrote on department at stanford, vellum, having rolled the edges of most of university of maryland application incomplete them, defaced the marks and afforded both lodging and food to numberless shoals of college worms and other insects. In this state we cannot answer whether number 15, under the division C, all those that were under D, number 13 under E, and 15 and 17 under F, which were the only ones under the several divisions we could not find, besides those that have been marked in Mr Casley's report as entirely destroyed, may not still be recovered, at least in part, among the sad remains of this precious part of the collection. The medals or coins, of which Mr Pegge and the late worthy Mr Folkes gave some manuscript account in application incomplete, 1747 and 1748 have been found by us in a most confused state. The Reverend Mr Widmore has never examined them according to these accounts, and answers only to the number, which we found to be as follows: Pope's Heads, Seals co. Medals or English coins. The account of the stoicism vs epicureanism essay help charters, curiosities co. and of Major Edwards's books, we beg leave to refer to the meeting of the committee, as we have not had time hitherto to examine them. London. July 22 1756. [ The further report ] The charters, warrants, deeds and other records contained in the last press of the Cottonian cabinet might have been examined with more ease and in university of maryland incomplete, less time had we found them disposed in any order, properly endorsed, or at least regularly numbered and sufficiently described.

But as nothing of all this has to our knowledge hitherto been done, and palo hotels stanford, as no other assistance could be procured but the rough draft of a catalogue, which the Reverend Mr Widmore has made of them for his own use, we were obliged to university of maryland application, look them over delta university of michigan reputations, one by one, to of maryland application incomplete, pick up the late learned Keeper's loose sheets, and to affix to every one of vs epicureanism them a number by which they could more easily be found out. We cannot and indeed we ought not to application, be very particular in hotels stanford, our account of these precious relicts, as such an account would not only be dry and tedious, but also in a manner useless, since Mr Widmore has promised to lend his notes. These, though he himself modestly owns them imperfect, will still be of great use in the future arrangement of this part of the collection. We declare that of above five hundred pieces mentioned by him in his rough draft, no more than four or five have escaped our researches. These few appeared to of maryland application incomplete, us to be of little consequence, to college hematology department at stanford, lose more time than we could spare in of maryland incomplete, looking for them amidst the rubbish of bits of parchment or of paper, scorched by the fire, or consumed by university philippines logo round, old age, which Mr Widmore thought too much destroyed to be either used or described. Incomplete? We think however a more particular examination will be necessary, as it is not impossible but some things may still be retrieved. As this Honourable Board required from delta university us not an accurate description but simply a general survey of the whole, we flatter ourselves that what we have said hitherto and are now going to add will in some measure answer their intention though not our desire of fulfilling our duty. The upper part of this last press contains sixteen, and the under one seven, drawers filled with papers or parchments. Several of them being entirely relative to the Cotton family seem to be of little use to the public, and the same may be said of many more, which only serve to of maryland application incomplete, swell but in e landers, our opinion by no means to enrich this collection.

Some capital pieces are already sufficiently known, and their importance seems to require the greatest care of them. Among them deserves the first rank, King John's famous grant of privileges, which though one of the sufferers by the fire, is university application, still very legible, and would be much more so had anything been done to stanford mall, repair the university application incomplete damages done by this dreadful accident. We have put this piece by itself in a separate drawer, viz. no. 16 at bottom. Emily E Landers University? The explanations of of maryland incomplete Magna Carta and vs epicureanism, of that of the Forests by Edward the university of maryland application First are likewise subsisting, and ought we think to be brought nearer than they now are to the preceding piece. Amongst the saint logo public records preserved in our collection, we beg leave to mention Pope Innocent's Bull containing the cession of the weak king, Robert de Bruce's claim to the crown of Scotland as laid before Edward I in French in 1297, the Scotch Barons' submission to the English King's determination, the declaration of of maryland John, King of France, about the quarrel between the Dukes of my favorite brands essay Lancaster and Brunswick in 1352, the Archbishop of Canterbury and of York's letter to Henry VIII containing their synod's compliance with his desires in the affair of the divorce with Ann of Cleves, an instrument of the Dutch commissioners in 1585 confirming the cautionary cession of some of their towns. Some original, though not very remarkable, letters of Queen Elizabeth, Prince Maurice and of maryland, co. are likewise found there. The antiquity of help many of the pieces contained in this press is alone sufficient to render them venerable.

Several of them are of the ancient Saxon and university of maryland application, Danish kings, viz. Ethelbert, Edred, Kinewolf, Canut, Alfred and co. and must be very near a thousand years old. Historical, chronological and genealogical rolls, drawn up by monks, in the ages of ignorance and university of michigan, darkness, may still afford some satisfaction. Inventories of the books and university application, effects of the kolkata hematology department several monasteries, expenses for the table of their abbots, and orders for the table of some princes, will probably likewise be examined and compared. But what constitutes by much the greatest part of these records relates to incomplete, the church, viz. Pope's Bulls, indulgences, grants and dispensations, ordinations of bishops, but especially pious gifts and grants to monasteries. Gamma Reputations? Some of them have appeared in print, others have not, though deserving of that honour, and proper to ascertain the titles of several churches to their estates. The antiquities contained in three or four of the drawers of this press do not appear to us of very great value. Some ancient little brass statues of Egyptian or other heathen gods or heroes, a few scales, instruments, and other trinkets neither remarkable for their rareness or workmanship do not deserve, at least at present, a more particular description, and we already too much fear to have abused the patience of this learned assembly by our hasty and university of maryland application incomplete, very imperfect account.

London. July 30th 1756. Description in chronological order of the lists, etc., of damaged Cotton Manuscripts in Add. MS. 62576. (1) Labels from boxes containing loose fragments of help Caligula D. V (f.

11) and Vitellius E. IX (f. 15). (2) Notes of lost Cotton and application incomplete, Royal MSS., early 19th cent.(?). ff. University? 59-60. (3) List by Forshall of 'Saxon MSS. wanting', circa 1827. Of Maryland Incomplete? ff. Brands Help? 52-52v.