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History: World/ Eugenics term paper 17639. Since the end of the 19th century, eugenics has had a significant role in stanford coach jobs the development of Western society. There have been laws established by its presence and a war fought to cease its progress. To analyze the hart university, philosophy of and the actions due to eugenics, one must look at the past and see what contributions eugenics has made to events in history. One must also look at the present applications of eugenics and how they affect the stanford sports performance coach jobs, lives of people.

With these two directions, one can see that because it is racist, encourages immoral actions and coaches staff, is biologically unsound, eugenics is iniquitous and should be abolished from modern medical and political thought. In 1883, Sir Francis Galton developed a so called science that dealt with the sports jobs, manner in which the human population could be improved. Galton thought that a pure race would make all population problems on earth obsolete and therefore contribute to an increased longevity of the writing a college entrance essay, human race. Stanford Coach! He called it the science of eugenics, a word derived from the Greek eugenes, meaning well born. He published the aspects of his new science in his book Hereditary Genius in 1869, establishing the hart, roots and importance of his theories.

Galton had admired how horticulturists tried to stanford performance, improve the plant system by encouraging reproduction between the strongest species. He decided that this could be done with humans in the same way. Galton once wrote that the point of eugenics was to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable (Chase, p.13). Galton wrote in a time where the industrial revolution had brought along some new medical advancements that decreased the death rate among newborn babies. These new technologies however were only university football staff, given to the upper classes at first. As a result, the upper classes had a lower birth-rate as they were more confident in keeping their children alive. This scared Galton, seeing this change as a threat to humanity as he believed that it meant there would be more lower class citizens in the future, thus decreasing the average level of society. These ideas came from the fact that he believed the old theories that the poor received infectious diseases, were illiterate and generally uneducated because it was this way in their blood.

He also looked at stanford sports coach the most important people in society such as judges, politicians and scientists and dr kakarala of michigan, decided that they were all biologically alike. He saw that they were all Caucasian and mostly Nordic, which makes sense since he conducted his studies in England. Sports Performance Coach Jobs! It then logically follows that he believed that the social pyramid was and should be dominated by Caucasians, at the top of johns hopkins alumni of princeton which reigned the Nordics. Galton thus encouraged reproduction among upper class citizens to eugenically encourage this hereditarily superior race to fend off the increasing number of inferior, poorer breeds. He not only concentrated on economic factors when dividing the people but on racial factors as well. Galton believed that he had created a new science and thus proceeded to develop its scientific components. He created a scale from sports, A to a college essay, X, X being the highest and A the lowest, grading different aspects of human beings. It was also based on rarity; an individual in the V-class appeared every 300 births and was therefore assured a successful life while an performance, individual in the C-class appeared every 16 births, placing him in the ranks of the university schedule of classes 2013, common folk. There was a different system however for the Negroes. Galton once said, classes E and F of the stanford performance jobs, Negro may roughly be considered as the equivalent of our C and D-a result which again points to the conclusion that the average intellectual standard of the Negro race is dr kakarala of michigan, some two grades below our own(Galton, P.327).

He also said that, the stanford coach jobs, Jews are specialized for parasitical existence upon other nations, showing that his science was to hopkins university famous alumni of princeton, be partially derived from personal, self-admiring beliefs. Galton's theories were accepted by many high-profile people in most industrial countries but the type of eugenics practiced was slightly different and over time became entirely different philosophies. The first difference between eugenic practices around the world is the type of eugenics practiced. There are two types: positive eugenics and negative eugenics. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! The latter involves the expulsion of people that are racially deficient. Many such techniques have been practiced in history. Positive eugenics improves humans by encouraging the reproduction of johns of princeton fit humans or by genetically improving a person. Unfortunately, although positive eugenics is regarded as a better technique, it tends to stanford performance jobs, bring on negative eugenics, which causes many problems.

It seems as though one cannot be present without the other. In history, this happened in of miami staff some of the most respected countries. Galton created, in England, The National Eugenics Education Society in 1907, with followers such as Winston Churchill and Harold Laski. In Canada, a group called the sports performance coach, Eugenics Society of Canada was put together in 1930, and in the United States, many different divisions of the Galton Society came together in 1923. They formed the of miami football, American Eugenics Society. It is here and in Nazi Germany that the most interesting events took place; where the stanford sports performance coach jobs, eugenics movement became almost synonymous to a religious faith. In the United States, a Eugenics society was not needed in order for people to believe in it. Ten years before the Eugenics Society was created, President Theodore Roosevelt wrote, it is obvious that if in help entrance essay the future racial qualities are to be improved, the improving must be wrought mainly by favoring the fecundity of the worthy types(Chase, p.15). In the United States, this favoring became a new type of racism, labeling all non-Nordic immigrants as less suitable races. There had also been many laws established, allowing the sterilization of deviants and stanford sports jobs, deficients. Of Miami Coaches Staff! The first such law was created in coach Indiana in 1907, followed by 27 other States in the next 30 years.

These laws gave the permission to the individual States to forcefully sterilize all confirmed criminals, idiots, rapists and help writing a college entrance, imbeciles By 1964, 63, 678 forced sterilizations had been performed under sterilization laws in 28 American States. In order for the purification of the American population to coach jobs, occur, it had to johns famous alumni of princeton, be determined who were the coach jobs, intelligent races and who were the hart, idiots. As a result, a group of stanford performance coach jobs psychologists introduced the idea of english help writing testing, using IQ tests, the stanford sports performance coach, intelligence of all army recruits during the First World War. Of Classes 2013! Carl Brigham, a member of this group, then published his book, A Study of American Intelligence, showing that the Nordic Races were indeed more intelligent than the other races. He concluded that the average mental age of White individuals was 13 years and that of Black individuals was 10 years. Stanford Jobs! It was then accepted by the American public that the Blacks were the unclean race and the whites were the honorable race. Galton's theories were therefore proven by university, these tests and were doubtlessly accepted by many psychologists, not only by stanford sports coach, the naive public. When Calvin Coolidge became President in 1924, he signed the Immigration Restriction Act, which limited, in percentage, the entrance of immigrants according to the American Census of 1890. He tried to, Keep America American, as he stated when he was the vice-president. The attitude being developed in the United States was one slightly different from Galton's. It was concerned with the invasion of the hart phd columbia university, country by inferior races rather than Galton's idea of the upper class being threatened by stanford coach, pauperism.

However, eugenics in a college essay Germany also took on a new look compared to Galton's theories. Stanford Coach! In fact, when the nazi party came into power in georgetown university of classes summer 2013 1933, they exercised eugenic ideas to the point of causing the Second World War. Sports Performance Jobs! The Nazis exercised their power long before their election however, something that people fail to realize. The man in charge of the purification of the German race was Heinrich Himmler, the english help essay writing, Reichfuhrer SS as of 1929. He had a fleet of performance jobs 300 men who would be responsible for purifying the German race. Himmler decided that the whole country was to be examined in order to find out exactly how many Germans were actually of the authentic race before he could accurately control them. Hans Gunther decided that this race of heroes had the following characteristics: Tall, long head, narrow face, well-defined chin, narrow nose with very high root, soft fair hair, receding light eyes, and pink white skin colour(Hillel, p. 24). Himmler was thus searching for descendants of the tribes of Denmark, on which he was to base his ideal race, the Teutonic race. Famous Of Princeton! The SS army was also to be comprised of only performance coach jobs, such Teutonic specimens. In late 1931, the RuSHA (Head Office for Race and staff, Settlement) was created, which was to be responsible for the eugenic movement during the stanford performance coach jobs, Third Reich. Its initial role was that of a propaganda machine.

Slogans were posted up on help writing essay walls, warning of mixing Aryan and inferior blood. Much like the American ideas, Nazi leaders thought that the degradation of the stanford performance coach jobs, German race was due to the incorporation of mostly Jewish blood into it. This led to the publication of the Nuremberg laws in 1935 that forbade marriage, and sexual relations between Jews and carl hart phd columbia, citizens of German blood(Hillel, p. 28). The RuSHA also encouraged a breeding program developed by sports performance coach, Dr. Wilhelm Schallmayer. It was composed of hart phd columbia eight main points that basically encouraged Aryan women to have many children and to do nothing else. Schallamayer also encouraged SS soldiers, who had been judged as perfect human beings to have many wives. The doctor did not want to simply encourage his points, but he wanted permanent eugenic control of the German population.

This doctor became a driving force in stanford jobs the creation of the concentration camps as well as the Lebensborns. In 1935, the Lebensborn Registered Society came into existence. Help Essay Writing! Lebensborns were establishments that housed Aryan women, whose basic responsibilities were to produce children. They were originally designed to jobs, house pregnant widows or orphan girls. Football Coaches Staff! Women thus flocked to them as they were thought to give great services. However, they soon became brothels where Aryan men could go and conceive racially appropriate children for the State. Sports! They often married the women but breeding was the emphasis since according to Himmler, the writing, Lebensborns' founder, a marriage without many children is no more than an affair (Hillel, p. 48). Performance Coach Jobs! Not any woman could be taken in to a Lebensborn however. She had to writing a college essay, be young, attractive, slim and stanford sports, of course, Aryan. For this reason, 50 percent of the pregnant women who applied to Lebensborns were rejected. As the hopkins famous alumni of princeton, number of Lebensborns grew, they were officially taken over by the SS in 1936.

The Nazi party thus had complete power over them. The SS soldiers would find Jewish run orphanages, take them over, sending the Jews to concentration camps and sports performance jobs, killing those who would not readily go. Carl Phd Columbia University! They would then fill up the buildings with young girls destined to be child-bearers. Soon, Aryan girls were being kidnapped from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other Northern European countries. In fact, 100 000 girls were taken from Poland alone. Truly harsh deeds were done to them. For example, they were given drugs in order to achieve puberty earlier. This would make them capable of sports performance jobs having more children. Also, racially inadequate children, perhaps conceived by non-Aryan men, would be sent off to hart university, be tossed on flaming heaps of garbage in the Nazi concentration camps.

These concentration camps were perhaps the stanford, most brutal and most notorious acts of the of michigan, Nazi party that involved eugenic ideas. The Lebensborns were responsible for the reproduction of racially adequate Germans and the concentration camps were responsible for the extermination of the racially inferior. Sports Coach Jobs! Many people were gassed, shot and even buried alive. University! By 1945, there had been 6 million Jews and sports coach, approximately 2 million non-Jews killed in concentration camps. The Holocaust was perhaps the most repulsive government operation in the history of the world. Since this event, eugenics has been looked upon in university of miami football coaches staff an entirely different way. As seen, Eugenics has been quite a driving force in the history of modern civilization. Such events in stanford performance jobs the United States and Europe are still shocking and disgusting, even to people who have been hearing about them for many years. This shows how negative eugenics can ultimately destroy the university football coaches staff, harmony between members of a diverse society. Although most reputable eugenic practices have been practiced in the past, there are still many different customs that can be filed under eugenic behaviour.

The new type of eugenics involves much more science. The increased knowledge in the field of genetics and heredity has made it possible to stanford sports jobs, accurately predict the medical future of a child before it is born or even fertilized. Carl Phd Columbia! In this way, a doctor can see that a child will have a genetic disorder and can prepare the parents for the child's birth. The general term for these practices is genetic counseling. This is an umbrella term which includes in stanford sports performance jobs vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, amniocentesis and help writing, chorionic villus sampling. In vitro fertilization and artificial insemination are techniques that were originally created in order to overcome infertility among couples. In vitro fertilization involves fertilizing an egg outside a woman's body and later inserting it into stanford performance coach, the uterus. Johns Hopkins University Alumni! Artificial insemination involves placing sperm inside a female in sports jobs order to fertilize an egg.

Due to a college entrance essay, eugenic ideals, these techniques have become a way of producing racially or intellectually superior children. For example, Hermann J. Muller, an American Nobel-prize winning biologist suggested that a few outstanding males could be used for performance coach jobs breeding with many women. This would create many strong, beautiful and intelligent children. This led to Robert K. Graham's suggestion to keep Nobel-prize winners' sperm frozen in sperm banks such as his 1971 Hermann J. Muller Repository for Germinal Choice, dedicated to his mentor. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are surgical procedures that help determine if a f?tus will be healthy after birth. Amniocentesis consists of extracting some of the writing a college entrance essay, amniotic fluid using a needle. The liquid contains some shed cells from the f?tus and therefore can be evaluated to stanford sports performance jobs, see if there are any genetic disorders. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is essentially the same thing but instead of extracting liquid, a piece of the membrane surrounding the f?tus is removed and english writing, evaluated. Another difference is that amniocentesis can only be performed five months into the pregnancy whereas CVS can be used only 9 weeks after fertilization.

Amniocentesis and CVS have also become eugenic procedures as the main concern of doctors is if the jobs, parents should have the baby. Most genetically unfit f?tuses end up being aborted. Therefore, the unfit are rejected which is a characteristic of eugenics. Although it has, until now, been portrayed as a universally accepted concept, eugenics has been critiqued since its dawn in England. For example, scientists have rejected it because of its unscientific practices and pro-life advocates rejected its use of abortion.

Even though these groups have slightly different perspectives on the issue, one can see that they all have the same basic concern. They want eugenics, as it has been practiced until now, to be abolished. Scientifically speaking, most critiques of eugenics are consequentialists. Dr Kakarala University Of Michigan! All these people think about when judging eugenic actions are their consequences. The main scientific objection to eugenics is the fact that human crossbreeding is a great contributor to genetic variation. By having many different types of genes, a human can more easily adapt to stanford sports, its environment. However, if a pure race is produced, many of the genes responsible for effective adadtation may disappear from the human gene pool. In this way, in the future, humans could not adapt to an increased global temperature, for example, and the population could be severely depleted.

Therefore, keeping the gene pool diverse could represent a longer duration of human life. Similarly, there is a belief that genes that are harmful in the homozygous (double dose) state, they may be helpful in the heterozygous (single dose) state. Therefore, removing these genes from humanity by johns hopkins famous alumni, sterilizing or killing all carriers may be harmful to other people who could benefit from the heterozygous state of the gene. Before scientists can begin to eliminate certain genes, they must know exactly what role each gene plays in an individual. It is stanford coach, perhaps possible to obtain this information, but humanity is very far from achieving this type of knowledge. Therefore, scientists should let nature take its course as people have done for millions of years. There is johns hopkins of princeton, also a concern that gene mutations can be eliminated in other ways instead of eliminating the genes themselves. For example, it has been discovered that radiation is stanford performance coach, a great contributor to gene mutations.

North Americans might think that this only applies to victims of Hiroshima but in university fact, X rays such as those in all North American hospitals and doctors' offices, have much greater mutative effects on a population gene pool than that of Hiroshima. In this way, abolishing X-ray machines could inhibit new mutations to occur. Thus, eugenic practices would be unnecessary. The Catholic Church also rejects most eugenic practices. John-Paul II once wrote that No biologist or doctor can reasonably claim, by virtue of stanford performance coach jobs his scientific competence, to be able to decide on people's origin and destiny(John Paul II, p.14). In essence, this is what eugenicists do. They judge who should live and help, who should die.

The Pope also wrote that no one can, in performance jobs any circumstance, claim for coaches staff himself the stanford sports coach jobs, right to football coaches, destroy directly an innocent human being(John Paul II, p. 16). Performance Jobs! This statement directly attacks Nazi holocaust as well as the sterilization laws of the early 20th century. By sterilizing a person, one is essentially destroying the lives of carl hart phd columbia university future children. As stated earlier, no doctor can decide if these children should be born or not, therefore eugenic sterilization is stanford sports performance coach, essentially wrong. Essay Writing! These opinions are rooted deeply in the Catholic Faith as it is believed that all humans are the temples of performance God and that they are created in his image. The body as it is in nature thus must be the standard of biological good. In this way, any genetic tampering or physical harm inflicted on the body is actually interfering with what God wants for human beings. Therefore, Catholics believe that eugenics is iniquitous. Catholics also have a strong opinion on natural human rights.

For example, the help writing a college entrance, Charter of the Rights of the Family, published by performance coach, the Holy See, states that, Human life must be absolutely respected and protected from the moment of conception(Holy See, 4). This statement places a delicacy upon georgetown university summer the modern eugenic practices such as amniocentesis and artificial insemination. These customs could be regarded as sinful by the above statement as it is interference with the natural birth process devised by God. However, therapeutic interventions such as the ones mentioned are not completely wrong, according to Pope John Paul II. He stated in 1983, at performance coach jobs the 35th General Assembly of the writing a college entrance essay, World Medical Association that, A strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from performance jobs, chromosomal defects will, in principle, be considered desirable, provided it is directed to the true promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life. Such an intervention would indeed fall within the help, logic of the Christian moral tradition. (John Paul II, p. 22)

The problem though is the fact that the sports jobs, eugenic use of therapeutic intervention usually leads to abortion. Therefore, the of miami coaches staff, Catholic Church disapproves of eugenics, and its use of sports coach intervention on f?tuses. As seen, the eugenic movement is carl university, completely opposed to the beliefs encouraged by the Catholic Church. Some people would say that the performance coach, Church is exaggerating its conservative values, which tends to be a common comment these days, but when one truly thinks about what the Church is opposing, one can see that its objections are well conceived. Dr Kakarala Of Michigan! In fact, there are also other elements that make eugenics a truly immoral activity. Perhaps the foremost problem with eugenics is the fact that the people in charge of the projects decide the fate of others. This totally contradicts the ancient and still reasonable idea of human rights. By these rights, an stanford sports performance coach, individual is allowed to make his own choices that determine the fate of himself and his family.

In a eugenic system, the whole population is university of miami staff, considered a whole body. When part of the population gets sick, they are sterilized and they die without reproducing themselves. Stanford Sports Coach! This is essay, like cutting off a baby finger when it is diseased; it does not hurt the whole body . Stanford! The population is not a whole body however, it is a society where each person is an individual human being. In this way, eugenic practices threaten the existence of human rights and therefore should be abolished. Eugenics is also a very useful science for powerful villains. All eugenic practices, as seen in the past, have been based on the personal feelings of the leader of the society involved. For example, if Hitler had been an atheist, he would have killed religious people and if he had hated Orientals, he would have killed them.

Eugenics seems to be an easy way for of michigan powerful people to sports coach jobs, act against their enemies. This is wrong since no person has the right to expose another person to suffering or death simply because of who they are. This is truly prejudiced and without a doubt immoral. Unfortunately, some people disregard this natural right. Racism is english help writing, a big part of eugenics as well as eugenicists determine that a certain group is performance jobs, more fit to live than another. This means that some individuals are more important than others. Since God created all humans equal, then it is outright impossible for a person to be inferior to hart, another. Therefore racism is iniquitous and should not be a part of eugenics. However, it is difficult to have eugenics without racism. If a perfect race was discovered, the unforgettable fact is that no sane person would accept his own to be inferior. Even if it was proven by legitimate tests, that person would do anything to stanford sports performance coach jobs, avoid suffering, which, for the racially unfit, is the ultimate end of eugenic practices.

As a result, whoever is the authority of the research tests will ultimately choose another race to be eliminated. Therefore, there is georgetown 2013, extreme racism when eugenics comes into people's heads. Biologically and stanford sports jobs, ecologically speaking, eugenics is a very uncertain practice. Humans have been alive for millions of years now, without ever tampering with their biological makeup. They simply let nature do its job. Now, by looking at everything that humans have developed, one can then see that letting evolution function by itself is carl hart phd columbia university, not a bad thing.

In fact, it is probably the wisest thing to do. Scientists tend to think that they know all the consequences of eugenic practices but actually, this is impossible. The human being and its society are too complex for people to know the effect of performance coach every minute change. A small variation in the gene pool could cause some major problems. Therefore, humans should simply let nature do its job in preserving the life of humans, just as it has for millions of years. Who knows, scientists might be lowering the survival rate of humanity by of miami coaches, tampering with its natural biological processes. As seen, because eugenics is stanford performance coach jobs, biologically unsound, encourages racial inequality and includes immoral actions, eugenics is iniquitous and should no longer be performed.

If eugenics ever became a driving force in society, there would be racial, biological and moral disputes everywhere. The fact of the matter is that eugenic conclusions cannot satisfy everyone. There must be a triumphant party as well as a failing one. University Coaches! Naturally, the stanford sports performance jobs, failing group would not give up its fight and larger disputes would arise. Ultimately, this could lead to World War III, and, considering the presence of nuclear weapons, the destruction of the writing entrance essay, world.

In this way, the performance coach, science concerned with the hart, amelioration the stanford performance coach, condition of humanity would ultimately be responsible for its destruction. Chase, Allan The Legacy of Malthus: the Social Costs of the georgetown university of classes summer 2013, New Scientific Racism New York: The Random House, 1976. Eugenics New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1st Edition (1967), Volume V, pp. 627-629. Garrigan, Owen Man's Intervention in Nature New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967.

Henton, Darcy, $740,000 Awarded for Sterilization, The Toronto Star (January 26, 1996), p. A 2. Henton, Darcy, Faith in Eugenics Ran Deep in Alberta The Toronto Star (February 11, 1996), p. F 1. Hillel, Marc Of Pure Blood New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976. Hilton, Bruce Ethical Issues in Human Genetics New York: Plenum Press, 1973. Hillel, Marc Of Pure Blood New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976. John Paul II Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and the Dignity of Procreation Sherbrooke: Les Editions Paulines, 1987. Kevles, Daniel J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Use of sports coach Human Heredity Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. McLaren, Angus Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945 Toronto: McClelland Stewart Inc., 1990. Packard, Vance Oakley The People Shapers Boston: Brown Little, 1977. Rey, Alain Le Petit Robert 2 Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Robert - Canada, 1987.

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allusion essay man October 26, 2012. Venus-Aphrodite as an Allusion. Venus “Aphrodite”, a Greek goddess encompassed by love, sex, and fertility, serves as. a literary allusion to a woman of prosperity and victory. She is known as “the. changer of hearts” and is represented by doves, sparrows and roses. She plays a. major role even today in many Greek women’s weddings. These women carry myrtle. in their bouquets as it is a myth that Venus will gift them with prosperity and. worthy chances of conceiving children in their marriages. Writers find in the. figure of Venus a useful allusion.

For example, Charlotte Bronte’s work, The Professor (1857). In. this story, Venus is painted to be a beauty puffed up with vanity. “Ah, there is beauty! Beauty in perfection. Stanford Sports Coach! What a cloud of sable curls about the. face of a houri! What fascinating lips! What glorious black eyes! Your Byron. would have worshipped her, and youyou cold, frigid islander!you played the. austere, the insensible in the presence of an Aphrodite so exquisite?” (qtd. Johns University Famous! ET. Al.51) From this story, one can infer that Venus was a seductive, prosperous. woman who is stanford performance coach taken over by vanity and arrogance. Carl Hart! Delahunty, Charlotte Bronte, “The Professor”, The Oxford. Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, Print.

October 26, 2012. Don Juan as an Allusion. Don Juan “Don Giovanni” was known a Spanish nobleman who was both wealthy and. seductive. He was an stanford sports allusion to a man who could seduce women of all ages and. walks of life. It also has been said that he violently killed the father of a. women he seduced. The term 'Don Juan' is now often used to. University Summer 2013! describe a man with a reputation for seducing women. He is a literary allusion of a man who was violent and addicted to gambling. Don.

Juan has been featured in various different works of music and literature. For. Stanford! example, Mozart's opera Don Giovanni and Byron’s poem Don. Juan. One example of an allusion to Don Juan in literature is found in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s. The Beautiful and the Damned, 1922. In this piece he writes, “It was a. highly original, rather overwritten piece of sustained description concerned. with a Don Juan of the New York slums.” (qtd.

In F. Scott Fitzgerald The Beautiful and the Damned, P.356) In this piece Fitzgerald is referring to a piece of work that is written with. Help Entrance Essay! plenty of originality about a promiscuous New York. In F. Jobs! Scott Fitzgerald, The Beautiful and the Damned , The Oxford Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, October 26, 2012. Juno as an Allusion. Georgetown Schedule Of Classes Summer! Juno is a character in Roman Mythology who is known as the “Queen of stanford sports Heaven”; She is. equivalent to football the Greek Hera and is a character who is used as a literary. allusion to jealousy and rage. In many stories she is depicted as being. tremendously jealous by her husband’s philanderings. She is perceived as being very vengeful and was most notably against Zeus's lovers and offspring. She also was against mortals who crossed her. She always wanted to be the fairest of the goddesses, and her wrath struck anyone who thought otherwise. She is symbolized by both pomegranate and peacocks. In Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women , the wrath.

of Juno is shown when she is being slighted by Paris when he chose Aphrodite. instead of her as the fairest of three goddesses. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! “Not. allowed to essay writing dispose of money, or call anything their own, they learn to turn the. Performance! market penny; or, should a husband offend, by staying from home, or give rise to. some emotions of jealousya new gown, or any pretty bawble, smooths Juno's angry. brow. ( Mary Wollstonecraft’s, A Vindication of the Rights of Women ,P.31) This particular story refers to Juno’s husband, how he continually fouled around on her and how it enraged Juno deep. Mary Wollstonecraft’s, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Oxford Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, October 26, 2012. Cupid-Eros as an Allusion. Cupid also known as Eros is recognized as the Greek God of love and. attraction; He was a primordial God, he was the fourth God that came into.

existence, and he is represented by wings, bow/arrows, and candles. He is a. literary allusion to love and alumni of princeton, romance. Eros’ mother (Aphrodite) had great. jealousy over a mortal princess named Psyche. Men began to leave her altars barren to stanford performance worship a mere human woman. instead.

Therefore Aphrodite commanded her son Eros to cause Psyche to fall in. love with the ugliest creature on earth. But instead, Eros fell in love with. Psyche himself and spirits her away to his home. His story of his unsteady relationship with his wife became very famous in Greek mythology. Cupid is now generally used to represent the idea of sexual love or the libido. “She had loved Private Dukes and spawned a false oath to save himaffronting solider deities for the sake of honeyed, treacherous Eros.” (qtd. THOMAS KENEALLY, The Playmaker, P.257). In this literature piece, it is described how Eros leaves his wife and. she chases him around the world trying to get him.

Keneally, The Playmaker. Help! Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, Print. October 26, 2012. Zeus as an stanford performance coach allusion. Zeus was the Greek God of the sky and he was known as the ruler of the. Dr Kakarala! Olympian Gods. He is stanford performance jobs depicted as a mature and regal man. He was the protector of. the weak and the punisher of the wicked. He punished those who would lie or. break the oath.

His weapon of hart phd columbia university choice was a thunderbolt and he is a literary. allusion to performance justice and mercy. He became a spiritual leader for Gods and men. As. the university lord of the stanford performance coach jobs sky, he let his power get to him. He overthrew his father. Cranus, and fought with his 2 brothers (Poseidon/ Hades) on who would take over. After planning a draw he eventually won and became the supreme ruler of entrance essay the.

Gods. Zeus was married to performance jobs Hera but. he became infamous for him many affairs with mortal women. These affairs lead to. multiple children with many different women. “Zeus. Hopkins! visited Danae in the form of a shower of gold, Leda as a swan, and Europa as a. bull.” (qtd. Stanford Jobs! Delahunty Pg. 357) Basically in a college entrance essay this literary allusion, Zeus is. described as being very powerful. He was shown to be the greatest of the Greek. Gods and in this allusion as the God of weather. He was seen in different. perspectives all over the world. In this allusion, he is depicted as being as. strong as a bull, as graceful as a swan and having a heart of stanford coach gold. Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, Print.

October 26, 2012. Poseidon as an Allusion. Poseidon was known as the “God of the dr kakarala university of michigan sea” and the Protector of all. waters. He was the “Earth Shaker” and he is said to play a role in causing. earthquakes. He is one of the sports twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek. mythology. Although Poseidon had married Aphrodite, he desired Demeter. This. woman asked him to create the most beautiful animal the world has ever seen. In. order to impress her, Poseidon created the hart phd columbia university first horse. He is a literary. allusion to passion and stanford sports, power. He is help a college entrance most of the time depicted as a mature, bearded, and sturdy man.

His weapon of choice was a trident. With this tool, he. gained the ability to shake the Earth and to shatter objects. Although he is. Sports Performance! second to his brother Zeus in power, he is still a very dominant God. “Mandras was too young to university of miami football coaches be a Poseidon, too much without malice. Stanford Performance Coach! Was he a malesea-nymph, then? Was there such a thing as a male Nereid or Potamid?” (Louis De Bernières.

Captain Corelli's Mandolin, P.31) In this literary allusion, a young. male is described. Dr Kakarala Of Michigan! He is being compared to Poseidon. In this allusion Poseidon. is stanford coach described as being ”malice”or evil. He is being perceived as being irritable. Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, Print. October 26, 2012.

Oedipus as an hopkins famous Allusion. Oedious was the mythical Greek king of Thebes. He was also known as “Swollen Feet” He. was a tragic hero in Greek mythology. He is a literary allusion to madness. His father “Laius” wished to foil a prophecy that his child would grow up to. murder his father and marry his mother. Therefore, he fastened the infant's feet. together with a large pin and left him to stanford performance die on a mountainside.

The baby. (Oedious) was then found by shepherds and of michigan, raised by King Polybus and Queen Merope. As he grew older, he learned of the prophecy. Stanford Performance Jobs! He. felt he was destined to fulfill it and university schedule of classes 2013, headed to the town of Thebes. As he. headed to Thebes, Oedipus met an older man whom was in a chariot coming the. other way on the narrow road. The two quarreled over who should give way, which. stemmed in Oedipus killing the stranger. He continued his way to the city of. Thebes, he heard news that the king of the city had recently been killed and it. had been taken over by Sphinx. Performance Jobs! Defeating this monster, Oedious eventually won. the johns hopkins alumni of princeton throne and took the kings widows hand in marriage. Sports Performance Coach Jobs! “I. hit him where I wanted, plug in his right eye . . . Demetriades stood like a. parody of Oedipus with his hands over his eyes.” (John Fowles, The.

Magus, Pg.61) In this literary allusion, a scared boy is compared to. Fowles, The Magus, Dictionary of Allusions, New York: Oxford UP, 2001, Print. October 26, 2012. Adonis as an Allusion. Adonis was the God of beauty and football coaches, desire; he was a literary allusion to. religion and beliefs. He had a. mystery religion that was said to“belong to women”. Adonis was an ever-youthful. Performance Jobs! vegetation god whose nature is tied to the calendar.

It is said that he was born. out of a tree in georgetown of classes summer 2013 the forest. He is an allusion to being a handsome youth, and a. mortal god of beauty. Adonis is well known for his attachments to Aphrodite. It. was said that she was wounded by Cupid’s arrow and fell in love with Adonis. She. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! was overtaken by johns university of princeton his beauty and stanford coach, so was another Greek goddess, Persephone.

The two women fought over him until he had been fatally killed by a wild boar. It is said that Aphrodite had begged Zeus to restore Adonis back to life. He. commanded that Adonis should spend the winter months in the underworld with. Persephone and the summer months with Aphrodite. “The. University Staff! funny thing about David was that though he was absolutely not an sports Adonis. and pretty wet in most ways, he was rather good in bedfairly. simple, but enjoying himself a lot and seeing that you did too.” (Qtd. In.

Delahunty ET. Al.56) In this work. a man name David is english essay writing being described. Coach! When it says “ he was absolutely not an. Adonis” it meant that he wasn’t quiet as beautiful but he had other factors. about him that were worthy. Dickinson The Yellow Room, Dictionary Of Allusions, New York: Oxford Up, 2001, Print.

October 26, 2012. Prometheus as an Allusion. Prometheus was known as a Titan and a culture hero; He is a literary. Hart! allusion to sports performance theft and fire. University Famous! It is said that he is credited for the creation of. man out of clay. It is also said that he stole fire for human use. Prometheus is. known for both his intelligence and as being a champion of mankind. Stanford Performance Jobs! Since he. stole fire, his punishment is often portrayed in many works of Greek art.

He was. sentenced to eternal torment by the Olympian God, Zeus. This meant that he would. be bound to a rock where each day an eagle was sent to feed on his liver. Each. day it would grow back and he would have to endure the pain all over help a college entrance essay again. In. the end promethium has used as a human sacrifice and was killed. He is an. allusion to pain and agony. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! “White. necks, carmine lips and cheeks, clusters of bright curls, do not suffice for me. without the dr kakarala university of michigan Promethean spark which will live after the roses and lilies are. faded, the burnished hair grown grey.” (Qtd. In Delahunty, E T. AL. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! 343) In this. allusion, it is describing the great power of Prometheus.

His strength will. never fade no matter how long his is help writing gone. His strength will live longer than. roses and lilies. Bronte, The Professor, Of Allusions, New York: Oxford Up, 2001, Print. October 26, 2012. Janus as an Allusion. Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors; he is an allusion to. Performance Jobs! beginnings and endings. He is represented by johns university famous a double- faced head, each of them. looking in opposite directions. The two faces symbolized the sun and the moon.

He was worshiped at the beginnings of such things as harvesting, marriage, birth, and other important life events. He is an allusion to peace and war. He. grew up in a kingdom and when the women he raised him died, he became the sole. Performance! ruler. He brought to people a time of welfare and peace. He introduced 3 main things to georgetown the people; money, cultivation, and laws. He is known as the “protector of Rome”. After his death, in times of war the. Stanford Coach! gates to his temple would be open. Georgetown University Schedule! This is so the gods could intervene when.

necessary; in times of peace, the gates stayed closed.” It. is, of course, it’s essentially schizophrenic outlook on society that makes the. middle class such a peculiar mixture of yeast and dough. . . . Now this. Janus-like quality derives from the class's one saving virtue, which is this: that alone of the three great castes of society it sincerely and habitually. despises itself.” (Qtd. In Delahunty, ET. AL. 150) This refers two Janus’ two. faces and how they meant completely opposite things which can be sometimes.

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Cursive Handwriting and Other Education Myths. A recent newcomer at jobs, one of the home-education groups my family attends explained that one of the frustrations that led her to of miami coaches staff, take her son out stanford sports jobs, of the school system was that he wasn’t being allowed to write stories. It’s something he loves to do, and it seems strange that a school should obstruct that enthusiasm. But the teachers declared he wasn’t ready because he can’t yet write in university 2013 cursive. To me this symbolizes all that is wrong with the strange obsession shared in many countries about how children learn to write. Often we teach them how to form letters based on the ones they see in their earliest reading books. Sports Performance Coach Jobs! And then we tell them that they must learn this hard-won skill all over again, using “joined-up” script. Yet there is no evidence that cursive has any benefits over other handwriting styles, such as manuscript, where the letters aren’t joined, for university of michigan, the majority of children with normal development. I should make it clear I’m not referring to handwriting itself, often seen as synonymous with cursive.

There is ample evidence that writing by hand aids cognition in ways that typing does not: It’s well worth teaching. And I confess I’m old-fashioned enough to think that, regardless of stanford performance coach jobs proven cognitive benefits, a good handwriting style is an important and valuable skill, not only when your laptop batteries run out but as an expression of personality and character. I should also say that cursive is a perfectly respectable, and occasionally lovely, style of essay writing writing, and children should have the opportunity to learn it if they have the time and inclination. My eldest child loves cursive and performance jobs, has the of classes summer, most elegant handwriting, in which I take great pride. Stanford Sports Performance Jobs! And I love a good Victorian copperplate as much as anyone. But imposing cursive from an early age is another matter. There should be a sound reason for it, as there should be reasons for teaching anything to children.

Yet the grip that cursive exerts on much of georgetown of classes summer teaching practice is sustained only by a disturbing blend of traditionalism, institutional inertia, folklore, prejudice, and bribery. It suggests that what teachers “know” about how children learn is sometimes more a product of the culture in which they’re immersed than a result of stanford sports performance research and data. It seems unlikely, in this regard, that teaching cursive is unique in educational practice. Which forces us to wonder: What happened to evidence? Why Virtual Classes Can Be Better Than Real Ones. By Barbara Oakley. I teach one of the world’s most popular MOOCs (massive online open courses), “Learning How to university, Learn,” with neuroscientist Terrence J. Stanford Performance Coach! Sejnowski, the Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. The course draws on neuroscience, cognitive psychology. READ MORE.

S omething like modern cursive emerged from Renaissance Italy, perhaps partly because lifting a delicate quill off and on the paper was apt to damage it and spatter ink. By the 19th century cursive handwriting was considered a mark of good education and help, character. Jobs! Teaching of manuscript lettering (not joined up) only university of michigan, began in the United States in the 1920s, to some controversy. In many countries today, including the coach jobs, U.S. and Canada, children are generally taught to help writing entrance, write in manuscript in the first grade and are then taught cursive from second or third grade. In France, children are expected to stanford, use it as soon as they start to write in kindergarten, but in carl university Mexico only manuscript is taught.

The U.S. and United Kingdom leave some discretion for performance coach jobs, when cursive is taught, but there is the assumption that it will become the pupil’s normal mode of writing. When cursive is johns university famous alumni of princeton taught, it may become compulsory, so children may be marked down if they don’t write this way. In France, the cursive form is virtually universal and highly standardized, and children are discouraged from developing their own handwriting style. Despite this diversity, the teaching of cursive is often accompanied by a strong sense of propriety. It’s simply the right thing to do. Sports Performance! If you ask teachers why (I’ve tried), they’ll probably look at you oddly before offering a variety of answers, which will probably include these: • It helps with spelling. • It helps with dyslexia. What does research say on these issues?

It has consistently failed to find any real advantage of cursive over other forms of handwriting. Georgetown Of Classes Summer! “There is no conclusive evidence that there is a benefit for stanford sports coach, learning cursive for university schedule summer, a child’s cognitive development,” says Karin Harman James, an associate professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, who studies early brain development as a function of stanford sports performance coach jobs learning experiences. James cautions that the issue is difficult to university of classes summer, study because it’s hard to stanford sports performance, find children whose educational situation differs only in the style of handwriting. What’s more, a lot of the “evidence” that does get quoted is rather old and of questionable quality, and some of the findings are contradictory. Simply put, our real understanding of how children respond to different writing styles is surprisingly patchy and dr kakarala of michigan, woefully inadequate. The grip that cursive has on stanford sports, teaching is sustained by folklore and prejudice.

Let’s take a closer look, though, at what we do know. Many people (including teachers) swear that cursive is faster, and cite not only the johns hopkins alumni of princeton, fact that there is stanford performance coach jobs less lifting of pen from paper but also their own experience. Carl University! Needless to say, the latter point is like me saying that English is performance coach a faster language than French because I can speak and dr kakarala, read it more quickly. Of course that’s true for something you’ve done all your life. Tests on writing speed have been fairly inconclusive in the past. But one of the best and most recent was conducted in 2013 by Florence Bara, now at performance coach jobs, the University of Toulouse in France, and Marie-France Morin of the University of Sherbrooke in Canada. They compared writing speeds for French-speaking primary pupils in their respective countries. While cursive is quite rigidly enforced in France, teachers in Canada are more free to decide which style to teach, and when.

Some Canadians teach manuscript first and cursive later; some introduce cursive straight away in first grade. So was cursive faster than manuscript? No, it was slower. But fastest of all was a personalized mixture of cursive and help a college entrance, manuscript developed spontaneously by pupils around the fourth to fifth grade. Even in France, a quarter of the French pupils who were taught cursive exclusively and were still mostly using it in the fourth grade, had largely abandoned it for a mixed style by the fifth grade. Jobs! They had apparently imbibed manuscript style from their reading experience (it more closely resembles print), even without being taught it explicitly. While pupils writing in cursive were slower on average, their handwriting was also typically more legible than that of pupils taught only manuscript. But the 2013, mixed style allowed for greater speed with barely any deficit in legibility. HANDWRITING MATTERS: Nobody questions the value of stanford sports a handwritten love letter, like this one in French from WWII.

The problem is that evidence for cursive’s value over other forms of johns famous handwriting is missing in action. Corey Amaro / Willows95988.Typepad.Com. On the stanford performance coach jobs, strength of writing entrance these findings, Bara and Morin hesitated to sports performance, make any recommendation for teaching a particular style except to say that it’s unwise to demand strict adherence to any of them—contrary to the French tradition. That idea is supported by Virginia Berninger, a professor of education psychology at the University of Washington. “Evidence supports teaching both formats of johns of princeton handwriting and stanford sports performance coach, then letting each student choose which works best for him or her,” she writes in a 2012 paper. Does cursive help with writing and reading disorders such as dyslexia? There’s some evidence that it might. University Of Miami Football Coaches Staff! “Some children who have trouble printing letters do benefit from learning cursive because they do not have to coach jobs, take their pencil off of the paper as much,” says James. But, she adds, “these children are the exception, and the results cannot be generalized to all children learning to write.” In fact, for typical children, there’s some reason to think manuscript has advantages. Coaches Staff! Because cursive writing is more challenging for motor coordination and for sheer complexity of the letters, some early research from the 1930s to the 1960s indicated that children develop their writing skills sooner and more legibly with manuscript. Stanford Performance! Because they have to lift pen from paper between each letter, children prepare better for the next letter.

Some recent studies suggest that freeing up cognitive resources that are otherwise devoted to the challenge of english simply making the more elaborate cursive forms on paper will leave children more articulate and accurate in what they write. There’s also some suggestion that the difference in appearance between cursive and manuscript could inhibit the acquisition of reading skills, making it harder for children to sports performance coach jobs, transfer skills between learning to georgetown university schedule of classes, read and learning to write because they simply don’t see cursive in books. Reading and literacy expert Randall Wallace, of Missouri State University, says “it seems odd and perhaps distracting that early readers, just getting used to decoding manuscript, would be asked to learn another writing style.” How many of us have great-grandmother’s letters in the attic, written in beautiful cursive? It’s not clear, however, how much such difficulties truly show up. In a 2009 study in performance jobs Quebec, Bara and Morin found no reading difficulties in primary-school children that correlated with learning cursive.

Yet a more recent study by the pair and their colleagues, comparing Canadian and French primary schoolers, showed that those who learned only help a college, cursive handwriting performed more poorly than those who learned manuscript, or both styles, in recognizing and identifying the sound and name of stanford sports performance individual letters. Regardless of how significant or lasting these differences are, it makes sense that they should exist. Georgetown Schedule 2013! There’s good evidence, both behavioral and neurological, that a “haptic” (touch-related) sense of letter shapes can aid early reading skills, indicating a cognitive interaction between motor production and visual recognition of letters. That’s one reason, incidentally, why it’s valuable to train children to write by hand at all, not just to use a keyboard. But whether it makes any difference, in this regard, which form of handwriting is taught is less clear. In a brain-imaging study on older children, James says that she observed “no brain differences between the two styles of writing.” The type of handwriting doesn’t matter to such haptic feedback and reinforcement, she says, as long as children are creating the letter by hand and not tracing it. In short, the jury is out over whether it is better to learn manuscript, cursive, or both forms of stanford sports jobs handwriting.

There may be pros and cons in all cases. And even if being taught both styles might have some advantages, it’s not clear that those cognitive resources and classroom hours couldn’t be better deployed in other ways. W hy then do some educational systems place such importance on learning cursive? How, if not by consulting the evidence, are educational policy and teaching practices formed? “My impression is that cursive is still taught primarily because of parental demand and tradition, rather than because there is any scientific basis for its superiority in learning,” says Wallace. What’s particularly troubling, though, is how inertia and coaches staff, preconceptions seem to distort perception and stanford sports performance coach, policy at the expense of the scientific evidence. In 2011, Bara and Morin decided to take a close look at why teachers do what they do. They and their coworkers interviewed 45 primary-school teachers in hart phd columbia university Quebec and France about stanford sports performance jobs, how and why they teach handwriting.

The results were sobering. Teachers had only sketchy knowledge, at english essay, best, of what research showed on performance jobs, the subject, especially when it came to the motor-function aspects of forming letters. Their views were, it seemed, formed primarily by the culture and institutional setting in which they worked. While Canadian teachers were fairly mixed in their opinions about johns university famous alumni, whether cursive was harder to stanford coach jobs, learn than manuscript, and which should be taught when, French teachers were fairly unanimous. Four-fifths of them insisted that cursive was no more complex than manuscript, and three-quarters said that cursive is faster—a belief contradicted by Bara and of michigan, Morin’s studies. Stanford Sports Performance Coach! More than half of the Quebec teachers thought that learning manuscript first assists learning to read, while only johns hopkins alumni of princeton, 10 percent of French teachers thought so. In other words, teachers who are recommended by their education ministry to teach cursive, as in France, seem to stanford sports jobs, become convinced that there are sound reasons for doing so, despite the lack of alumni evidence. Stanford Sports Performance Coach! And teachers in Canada who decide for themselves to introduce cursive as soon as possible seem likewise to believe that there are advantages that justify this decision. How much else in education is determined by what’s “right,” rather than what’s supported by football evidence? Just because the French situation is probably one of the least sinister or harmful examples of state brainwashing doesn’t mean we should shy away from calling it by stanford sports performance coach its real name. English Help Essay! Even in sports performance coach jobs the more relaxed teaching practices in Quebec there’s a clear sign of the well attested psychological phenomenon in which we “find” evidence to georgetown university schedule of classes, support the decision we have already made anyway, and apply less rigorous judgment when our preconceptions are apparently confirmed.

Indeed, the way rational argument on the question of cursive handwriting so often evaporates suggests that there’s some kind of deep emotional investment at stake. When I wrote previously for a British magazine challenging the hegemony of cursive, it received one of the biggest responses the magazine had experienced. Here are just a couple of the popular defenses offered for cursive: Imagine the frustration your kids will feel when they discover great-grandmother’s letters in the attic and can’t read them! Without cursive, you’re divorcing them from the past.

Cursive is beautiful, whereas manuscript looks childish. But cursive is not another language. If you need to learn to read it, that takes an stanford sports performance hour at most. Besides, how many of us have great-grandmother’s letters in the attic, written in beautiful cursive? (In the of miami football coaches staff, U.S. Stanford! there are even suggestions that learning cursive is somehow patriotic and that without it people would not be able to read the Declaration of Independence.) And while I relish the elegance of football staff Jane Austen’s original manuscripts, it’s plain that many people’s cursive is rather far from lovely, or indeed from legible. Manuscript, meanwhile, is only as childish as you decree it to coach jobs, be. Beliefs about cursive are something of a hydra: You cut off one head, and another sprouts.

These beliefs propagate through both the popular and the scientific literature, in a strange mixture of uncritical reporting and university of michigan, outright invention, which depends on myths often impossible to track to a reliable source. Take a 2014 article in stanford coach The New York Times about the pros and cons of handwriting. Football Coaches Staff! This alluded to a 2012 study allegedly demonstrating that cursive may benefit children with developmental dysgraphia—motor-control difficulties in sports performance jobs forming letters—and that it may aid in preventing the reversal and inversion of letters. It’s a common claim, and so I began to delve into it. I was taken to a paper by education researcher Diane Montgomery, describing a study that used an approach called the Cognitive Process Strategies for university of miami coaches, Spelling (CPSS) to try to help pupils with spelling difficulties, generally diagnosed as dyslexic. This method involves teaching these children cursive, with no comparison to performance jobs, other handwriting styles.

Cursive was chosen for english help, use with CPSS, says Montgomery, because “experiments in teaching cursive … have proved highly successful in achieving writing targets earlier and for a larger number of children.” In support of that claim she cites two studies in journals from the sports performance coach jobs, early 1990s so obscure that even the British Library doesn’t stock them, but which were in university schedule any case conducted on non-dyslexic cohorts and so say nothing about benefits for dyslexics. Montgomery writes that other dyslexia remediation projects have used cursive too, but cites only one “proven” advantage: a 1998 study allegedly reporting that “cursive script appeared to facilitate writing speed.” Not only is this claim contradicted by Bara and Morin’s work, but the 1998 paper doesn’t even make it. It simply reports how, for children taught a new cursive style in Australian schools, faster writing slightly decreases legibility. Montgomery also cites a 1976 paper that allegedly advocates “the exclusive use of cursive from the beginning.” Except that it doesn’t do that at all. It describes a study comparing letter reversals and transpositions for sports coach jobs, 21 children at one school, taught cursive from the university 2013, outset, with 27 from another taught first manuscript and then cursive. The first set showed slightly fewer of sports performance these mistakes, but the author acknowledged that, given the tiny sample size, “we in no way wish to offer the present data as documenting proof of the superiority of cursive over manuscript writing.” So there we have it. English Essay Writing! But how many people will now be convinced that the performance coach, benefits of cursive have been affirmed by The New York Times , based on the findings of academic research? No wonder teachers are confused. I s there, then, any scientific case for making cursive writing a standard component of the primary curriculum? Wallace thinks not.

Given the unproven benefits and famous alumni of princeton, the demands it places on time and effort, he feels that “the reasons to reject cursive handwriting as a formal part of the curriculum far outweigh the reasons to keep it.” Others, like Bara, Berninger, and James, are more ambivalent, but find no evidence that cursive is best. Some feel that in certain respects it is worse than manuscript—it is slower, and stanford sports performance coach jobs, time is wasted in learning (or sometimes relearning) this difficult skill. On the other hand, pupils differ, and there’s some potential value in giving them the option of finding what style suits them best, as well as exposure to university schedule of classes, different fonts so that they might generalize their letter-recognition skills. Or perhaps we should trust that children will find their own “hand” naturally, developing shortcuts for speed and so forth without having to be taught these in stanford performance coach some rigid, formal, and standardized fashion. There’s certainly a debate to be had. Dr Kakarala Of Michigan! But it’s not one that seems to be taking place in schools or education ministries. And every time I hear of a young child turned off writing because he lacks the fine motor skills needed to master cursive, or prohibited from stanford sports performance coach jobs expressing herself freely because she’s not using the approved script, I see that our groundless obsession with cursive is not only pointless but can be destructive. This must surely lead us to wonder how much else in of miami coaches education is determined by a belief in what is “right,” unsupported by evidence.

Education and learning are difficult to pin down by sports research. Teaching practices vary, it’s often impossible to identify control groups, and socioeconomic factors play a role. But it’s often the case that the very lack of hard, objective evidence about an issue, especially in essay the social sciences, encourages a reliance on dogma instead. The danger is stanford sports greater in english help education, which, like any issue connected to stanford sports, child rearing and development, is prone to emotive views. All the same, there is some evidence. But it seems little heeded either by teachers or, more significantly, the policymakers who guide their practice. Too often, education is instead a political football.

In 2013 in the U.K., the university of miami coaches, former Secretary of stanford performance coach jobs State for Education, conservative politician Michael Gove, became loathed by teachers for instituting changes to the national curriculum based on his own preconceptions about how and what children should learn. Summer! Gove’s notoriously dismissive attitude to stanford sports performance jobs, specialist advice was made explicit in a recent interview, where he said that “people in this country have had enough of experts.” Such blithe disregard of research is not, needless to say, confined to the political right; education and learning are vulnerable to ideologies of all persuasions. There needs to be wider examination of the extent to which evidence informs education. Do we heed it enough? Or is what children learn determined more by summer precedent and cultural or institutional norms? To judge from how children learn handwriting, the signs aren’t good. Philip Ball is a writer based in London.

His latest book is The Water Kingdom: A Secret History of China. Performance Coach Jobs! He is a left-hander who does not use cursive. Carl Phd Columbia University! As for sports performance, what that does to his handwriting, he will let you be the carl, judge: Education:Machine learning is teaching us the secret to teaching. Please sign in to Nautilus Prime or turn your cookies on to continue viewing this site. Nautilus is a different kind of science magazine.

We deliver big-picture science by sports performance jobs reporting on a single monthly topic from multiple perspectives. Read a new chapter in entrance the story every Thursday. 2017 NautilusThink Inc, All rights reserved. Matter, Biology, Numbers, Ideas, Culture, Connected.

Mar 23, 2018 Stanford sports performance coach jobs, order essay services & assignment papers online -

Free Environmental Studies essays. In this project we are going to discuss the subject ‘light pollution’. We will discuss the following topics: What is light pollution Causes light pollution Effects of light pollution on individual organisms Types of light pollution Effect on astronomy What will happen if all dark places would be gone Solutions. We weren’t familiar with the topic, which made it exciting for us to do. We could actually learn something new, which is the purpose of the sports coach project.

We spent a lot of time in the mediatheek looking for english writing information. When we knew something about stanford performance light pollution, we could start writing. We have spent a lot of time working on our project. We think that we did a good job at doing the a college essay project. We do believe that there is a solution to the problem, as long as we all try. Jobs! Everything can help, even the smaller things. We hope that you enjoy reading our project and maybe even learned something new. A basic evolutionary fact is that we humans are diurnal (active mainly during the day) species. Humans have eyes that are adapted to football coaches staff, living in the sun’s light. We have engineered the night to receive us by filling it with artificial light.This engineering is almost the sports same like damming a river. Georgetown Schedule Of Classes 2013! It has benefits, but also consequences.

These consequences are light pollution. Light pollution (aka: photopollution or luminous pollution) occurs at performance coach jobs, night and is obtrusive (bothering), misdirected, inappropriate, or excessive artificial light. Components of light pollution are: Urban Sky Glow, which is the hopkins alumni brightening of the night sky over stanford jobs, inhabited areas; Light Trespass, when light falls where it is coaches staff not intended or needed to fall; Glare, visual discomfort caused by excessive brightness and high levels can decrease visibility.; Clutter, light sources which are bright and stanford sports jobs excessive. These light sources can be found in over-lit urban areas. It is the brightening of the night sky and it diminishes the view of stars and planets.

Light pollution is schedule of classes 2013 pollution caused by misplaced artificial light and reflections such as outdoor light which scatters in the atmosphere and sports performance jobs reflects back to the ground. The light allows a fraction of light to go up in the sky. University! This leads to sky glow. The particles in the atmosphere, which cause air pollution, accentuate light pollution by increasing the performance jobs amount of light scatter. It has been proven that around one-third of the energy used for the outdoor lighting is reflected into the outer space, where it is wasted, because it doesn’t serve any useful purpose. Essay Writing! The rate at which urban areas are expanding also plays a big part to the increase of light pollution. Effects of light pollution on individual organisms. The most common effect of light pollution is that it interferes with biological cycles and coach jobs activities. With all our artificial light we disrupt our own and johns famous other organisms sleeping cycles. This is mainly a big problem with nocturnal species, that wake up at sundown. Stanford Performance Coach! Because of the artificial lighting, the are more exposed to predators so they have less time to find food.

Organisms depend on their genes which tell them when they need to wake up or sleep, but with all our artificial lighting this gets mixed up. Humans can experience this when they travel to different time zones, everything is different and your mind and body are confused. A lot of different animals are affected by johns university famous alumni, light pollution. For example, sea turtles are also affected by light pollution from artificial lighting. Lights that are turned on at night confuse the unhatched turtles, they may think it’s time to hatch when they shouldn’t. If they hatch to early, or during the wrong part of the day, the chances of survival will become a lot smaller.

With the artificial lighting by the beaches or on the roads, instead of crawling to the sea they might crawl to the roads. Not only reptiles are affected by light pollution, also insects, amphibians, mammals and birds. Insects that are attracted to light like flies will fly around street lights during the night and they will stay in performance coach jobs one place, this makes them vulnerable to nocturnal predators. Since they fly around the lights the opportunities to help entrance, mate are reduced which leads to population reduction. Overall the number of insects will be reduced over the years. Amphibians are also affected by light pollution, even if they don’t live in an urban city, because light pollution isn’t only causing problem in the areas with a large amount of light, areas around it are also affected. Amphibians get really confused by light pollution because they don’t know when it’s nighttime with all the stanford sports performance coach jobs artificial lighting. Since they eat at night to help writing a college entrance essay, avoid predators, they become an easier prey because they don’t know when they need to get food.

Also mammals are affected by coach jobs, light pollution, especially nocturnal mammals like bats, coyotes and bats. They are so affected by georgetown university schedule summer, light pollution because there is too much light at sports jobs, night to find food. It becomes more difficult to find a breeding site, which leads to less reproduction opportunities, and of michigan the population of the species will shrink. Birds that migrate at night rely on the light that is reflected by the moon and stars to find their way through the dark. They get confused and could get stuck in an urban area, because they were caught off their guard by all the lights. Stanford Coach Jobs! When birds end up in cities there is usually little food and they are more vulnerable to predators or human inventions like cars or trains. Besides all the organisms that are affected by light pollution, us humans who invented artificial lighting that causes this light pollution are also affected by it. Since we are so advances with technology and other things like that we have found ways so we don’t suffer from light pollution.

But we can’t completely solve it with our inventions like curtains. Even our sleeping patterns get mixed up when we travel across time zones. Our natural sleep rhythm get’s affected by light pollution too. Us humans have a hormone called melatonin. This hormone helps us sleep and creates a natural rhythm for sleep. Light pollution and artificial lighting disturbs the natural rhythm and university decreases the amount of melatonin in our body. Which leads to broken nights and a bad sleeping patterns. If you look at a bigger picture of how light pollution affects organisms, you will see that different organisms are affected in the same ways. Sports! They’re biological cycles get mixed up, they have trouble finding out when it’s nighttime.

Also they have a smaller chance of survival because of the summer light pollution. All the consequences to sports performance coach jobs, these organisms are bad and disrupt the natural rhythms. Types of help writing a college entrance essay, light pollution. Urban Sky-glow: Sky glow exists in large cities. It is the ‘glow’ which you can see over stanford coach jobs, many cities and towns in the evening. English Help Essay! Urban Sky Glow is the brightening of the night sky. It is caused when artificial light escapes from misdirected and stanford sports coach badly designed light sources into the atmosphere.

It is scattered by particles (pollen, bacteria, dust, spores, mineral particles) or by georgetown university schedule summer, water droplets while it travels through the sports jobs atmosphere. The light gets reflected and masks the hopkins famous alumni background stars and stanford cases a hazy glow over university of miami, the night sky. This type of light pollution is stanford sports performance coach a concern to astronomers, because it creates a hazy glow over the night sky. Skyglow makes it hard for astronomers to see anything besides the most luminous stars and planets. Skyglow also caused behavioral disorders in many species of animals. for example; sea turtles and birds, who rely on the night sky for breeding and to find their way. In heavily polluted areas Urban Sky-glow is worse. It will always exist if the air quality is johns university famous alumni poor.

“Empire State Building Night” – an sports performance jobs, example of sky glow. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons. Clutter: Light clutter is the excessive groupings of light. These groupings of light may cause confusion, distraction from objects, and possibly cause accidents. University Of Miami Staff! Clutter light pollution is caused by things like street lights, these can be dangerous to the people driving since the drivers can be distracted by these lights.

“Las Vegas Strip” by BrendelSignature at English Wikipedia – an example of Clutter – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Common Good using CommonsHelper.. Stanford Sports! Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons. Glare: Glare is a visual sensation that is cause by excessive and hart university uncontrolled brightness. Glare from street-lights, car-yard and security lights can shine directly into the eyes and stanford coach cause discomfort. This makes it hard for the eye to adjust effectively to changing levels of illumination, so compromising night vision. there are three forms of help a college, glare: Discomfort glare: The sensation of annoyance or pain induced by overly bright sources. This can be caused by any light source that’s bright enough to cause glare. Disability glare: The reduction in visibility caused by intense light sources in the field of view.

This can be caused by any light source that’s bright enough to cause glare. Blinding glare: When there is a light source that’s so bright that it can cause a moment of blindness, the amount of time the blindness lasts depends on the brightness of the light source. Light trespass: Light trespass is unwanted and uncontrolled light that shines outside the area that it is stanford sports performance coach jobs designated to illuminate. Dr Kakarala! It causes discomfort, distraction, annoyance, or a reduction in visibility, and wastes energy and money. These are several characteristics of nighttime lighting that can cause Light trespass: Spill light: The light that illuminates surfaces beyond the property line. Brightness: The presence of bright sources which are in a person’s field of view which can cause discomfort glare, disability glare or blinding glare. Astronomy is performance coach jobs very sensitive to light pollution. Light pollution interferes with our visibility due to sky glow. Sky glow is unshielded light that is send in all directions. University! Sky glow, mostly caused by performance coach, big cities, makes it hard to see dim objects in help essay the sky at night, such as nebulae, stars and galaxies.

Sky glow reduces the stanford performance jobs contrast between the sky and between the stars and galaxies, which makes it even harder to see dim objects. Astronomers use a broad-band light filters, which reduce the effects of light pollution on astronomy. The broad-band light filters do that by of miami staff, filtering out spectral lines and so alter the view of dim objects. The filters help by blocking light from some wavelengths, which modify the colors of the objects. Stanford Sports Performance Coach! But the broad-band filters can only affect certain object types. They affect nebulae, but have little effect on coaches staff galaxies and stars. Sports Performance! The visibility of objects such as nebulae and galaxies is affected more than stars, due to their. Of course, these broad-band filters can’t stop light pollution affecting astronomy, but they sure help to see even better during the night time. What will happen if all dark places are gone? Most of us live in an area where it is not dark enough for our brains to writing a college, recognize it as night. Humans and other species have evolved to stanford performance coach jobs, be in tune with cycles of day and night, so if we would destroy our night, the following problems will occur everywhere.

Light pollution is university schedule of classes summer bad for our health, it can cause cancer, so if all the dark places would be gone there would be higher nighttime lighting levels, which will cause a big increase of cancer patients. Light pollution is sports coach jobs a disturbance to animals, animals are, just like we are, evolved to be in tune with cycles of day and night. If all dark places would be gone, animals would be confused, which can cause their death, for university famous alumni example, a sea turtle hatches her eggs, when the hatchlings go swimming, they use light in stanford sports performance coach jobs the reflected water to find their way home, and because of light pollution on the beach, they will lose their way. Also birds are affected by a college entrance essay, light pollution, they can get captured by the artificial lightning, fly in circles until they die from exhaustion. Stanford Performance Jobs! Many more animals are affected by light pollution, they become an easy prey for predators which has an unknown effect on the ecosystem. Astronauts and astronomers have already complained that the of michigan streetlight interferes with their equipment. If all the dark places would be gone, we could not see anything in stanford sports performance jobs space which will stop us from discovering and learning more from space. Light pollution also alters our view of the sky and stars. It is a waste of university of classes summer, energy, about 30 percent of the nightlight is a waste. The total amount of electrical energy can illuminate over 11 million homes and sports power over phd columbia university, 777.000 cars.

It is bad for the environment, this is stanford sports performance jobs because out english essay, nightlight causes 12 million tons of carbon dioxide to go into the atmosphere which ruins it. Stanford Performance Jobs! Light pollution suppresses a natural occurring radical that cleans the air in the night. Light pollution increases the hart phd columbia university chemicals for ozone pollution by stanford sports performance coach jobs, 5 percent. How can we reduce light pollution? (solutions): We can reduce the light pollution by, for example save more energy at hart, home, turn off the light that’s not needed, by doing this, we can reduce the light pollution together.

Also we can reduce light pollution in bigger amounts, we can cut off a few streetlights and embrace the night. We also can use smarter lighting by, for example using dimmer or timer light, we can also use wavelength light with a red or yellow tint to minimize the impact. We can also reduce excessive lighting, for example the billboards in Las Vegas can be turned off or can be made smaller, we can also turn off lights of sports coach jobs, big buildings, while nobody is doing something, for example a football stadium or the johns famous Eiffel Tower. We can also make a special day, when people can use candles instead of electricity. We can shield our outdoor lightning too. One of the performance most effective solutions would be to shine lights down instead of upwards on streets. In that way we could efficiently use the light, and shine it at help writing a college entrance essay, the place where it is stanford sports coach most needed, which is the ground. We should also replace small and poor quality fixtures and get better lighting, so we could use as less as possible but still see enough to walk down the street. Schedule Of Classes Summer! We could also use efficient sources around businesses and houses. Most of the spaces we are in, have enough light from sports coach, a low wattage light bulb. And when you do need higher wattage light bulbs,you should make sure that the bulb is university of miami football staff shielded, so that no light is wasted.

Of course not for everyone making a change is easy, mostly because we all have our personal habits, for example, most people like to stanford performance jobs, have a late night snack or some people have to go to the bathroom in the middle of the university of miami football coaches night. Even those people can make a change by installing a dimmer so they can use as little light as possible, or they can install a light sensor, so that the stanford performance light will only go on when you walk passed the sensor. As you can see, there are a lot of solutions to these problems, but almost nobody does something against light pollution. If we work harder and football coaches staff together, we can reduce light pollution and get the night back. Sports Performance! We can make the change together, as long as you are aware of the fact that we are ruining our environment and as long as we keep talking about it and spreading the word, we can work towards a safe and healthy environment. There is already a movement called The Dark-Side Movement, which consists of astronomers who try to dr kakarala university of michigan, show people that light pollution is performance bad and want it to decrease. On this picture you can see how we can reduce light pollution of the university streetlights, if we make all the streetlights like this, light pollution would decrease in a large amount.

Beside this, there are many more ways to use light in a better way. Street light schematic. Source: http://www.gizmag.com/led-streetlamp/27246/pictures#5 Street lamp design. Sports Performance Coach! Source: http://www.gizmag.com/led-streetlamp/27246/pictures#1. So, light pollution is the artificial light which is wasted. There are a lot of bad consequences, but most people have never heard of it and some of the coaches people who do know it, don’t think it’s a big problem, we think this has to change because it is a very bad thing even though some people say it isn’t. But there are a lot of people that are trying to fight light pollution. They want to protect human health and performance coach wildlife. Countries are starting to realize the big effects and coaches problems light pollution is causing. They are starting to look for solutions that will make a big difference.

Many scientists are trying to find good solutions to stanford sports coach, this problem. If everybody helps to fight light pollution, we can make a big difference together. We think that it’s not that hard to turn off some lights and famous alumni use better lightning. People who care about themselves should care more. Search our thousands of essays: If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Environmental Studies essay, dissertation or piece of sports performance jobs, coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is qualified to essay, a high level in our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Environmental Studies work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours.

This Environmental Studies essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of sports performance, this page in alumni of princeton your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Essay: Light pollution . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/environmental-studies/essay-light-pollution/ [03-10-17]. If you are the original author of this content and stanford sports coach jobs no longer wish to johns alumni of princeton, have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal:

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